不同类型小麦品种孕穗期低温生理反应及其抗寒性分析

为明确冬小麦抗低温倒春寒的生理机制,以多穗型小麦品种济麦22、邯6172和大穗型小麦品种临麦4号、潍麦8号为材料,研究了孕穗期低温(1℃、-2℃)对小麦叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,在低温处理当天,1℃低温下,4个品种的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和MDA含量均不同程度增加,SOD活性除济麦22外均提高;-2℃低温下,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量增加更明显,SOD活性除临麦4号外均降低,各品种MDA含量均显著减少。低温处理第3d和第6d,低温最初诱导产生的脯氨酸逐渐减少,MDA含量大幅降低,其余指标均增加。经用隶属函数法综合分析,4个品种的抗寒性相近,穗型间差异不明显。     

Long-Term Fertilization Effects on Rice Productivity and Nutrient Efficiency in Korean Paddy

ABSTRACT

Long-term fertilization tests evaluated rice (Oryza sativa) productivity in relation to application of nitrogen (N)-phosphorus (P)-potassium (K) (120-34.9-66.7 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1967–1972 and N-P-K (150-43.7-83.3 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1973–2000. The comparison treatments (NP, PK, and NK) and the control (not fertilized) were selected for calculating nutrient efficiency. Rice grain yield increased at a 17.78 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} in the control, mainly due to development of improved cultivars. Phosphorus management was found to be important for indigenous fertility and rice productivity in this paddy soil. Yield increased significantly with P fertilization. Without N fertilization (PK), rice productivity increased 56.85 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} from 62% of NPK at the initial stage to 74% after passing 34 years, which might be affected by increasing biological N fixation with P accumulation in soil. In NK treatment, rice yield increased at a relatively low rate (37.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) from the same rice productivity with that of NPK in 1967 to 91% after 34 years. In comparison, yield increased at a high rate (62.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) without K fertilization (NP) from ca. 90% of NPK and might exceed the yield of NPK after 64 years of long-term fertilization. Therefore, K fertilization level might be readjusted after long-term fertilizing in paddy soil.     

Impacts of land use and plant characteristics on dried soil layers in different climatic regions on the Loess Plateau of China

A dried soil layer (DSL) formed in the soil profile is a typical indication of soil drought caused by climate change and/or poor land management. The responses of a soil to drought conditions in water-limited systems and the impacts of plant characteristics on these processes are seldom known due to the lack of comparative data on soil water content (SWC) in the soil profile. The occurrence of DSLs can interfere in the water cycle in soil-plant-atmosphere systems by preventing water interchanges between upper soil layers and groundwater. Consequently, a DSL may limit the sustainability of environmental restoration projects (e.g., revegetation, soil and water conservation, etc.) on the Loess Plateau of China and in other similar arid and semiarid regions. In this study, we investigated and compared the impacts of soil type, land use and plant characteristics within each of the three climatic regions (arid, semiarid, semihumid) of the Loess Plateau. A total of 17,906 soil samples from 382 soil profiles were collected to characterize DSLs across the Plateau.Spatial patterns of DSLs (represented by four indices: (1) DSL thickness, DSLT; (2) DSL forming depth, DSLFD; (3) mean SWC within the DSL, DSL-SWC; and (4) stable field water capacity, SFC) differed significantly among the climatic regions, emphasizing the importance of considering climatic conditions when assessing DSL variations. The impact of land use on DSLs varied among the three climatic regions. In the arid region, land use had no significant effect on DSLs but there were significant effects in the semiarid and semihumid regions (P < 0.05). The development of DSLs under trees and grasses was more severe in the semiarid region than in the semihumid region. In each climatic region, the extent of DSLs depended on the plant species (e.g., native or exotic, tree or grass) and growth ages; while only in the semiarid region, the DSL-SWC and SFC (P < 0.001) were significantly influenced by soil type. The DSL distribution pattern was related to the climatic region and the soil texture, which both followed gradients along the southeast-northwest axis of the Plateau. Optimizing land use can mediate DSL formation and development in the semiarid and semihumid regions of the Loess Plateau and in similar regions elsewhere. Understanding the dominant factors affecting DSLs at the regional scale enables scientifically based policies to be made that would alleviate the process of soil desiccation and sustain development of the economy and restoration of the natural environment. Moreover, these results can also be useful to the modeling of the regional water cycle and related eco-hydrological processes.     

有机肥质量分数对土壤导水率稳定性的影响

饱和导水率是水循环和土壤侵蚀模型中的重要参数,也是土壤结构改善的重要指标.通过室内土柱模拟实验研究有机肥添加量对风沙土和壤土导水率的影响.土壤添加有机肥的比例设置为0％、5％、10％、15％、20％、25％、30％7个水平,土壤密度设3个水平,各处理5个重复.结果表明：1）土壤饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈降低趋势,风沙土的饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈直线下降趋势,而壤土饱和导水率的降低趋势随有机肥质量分数的增加减缓;2）有机肥质量分数的增加对土壤密度的降低作用可以抵消有机肥增加导致的饱和导水率的降低;3）低土壤密度下土壤导水率随时间变化不稳定,土壤密度增大后随时间变化稳定.随着有机肥质量分数的增加,土壤导水率的测定过程趋于稳定,但是测定时间延长.     

Primary and secondary metabolite composition of kernels from three cultivars of Portuguese chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) at different stages of industrial transformation

Chestnut (Castanea sativa) is an important basic food in rural diets and a major starch crop used in a similar way to potatoes. Chestnuts are a fundamental economic resource in the "chestnut regions" not only for the fruit but also for the chestnut wood. Chestnuts have become increasingly important with respect to human health, for example, as an alternative gluten-free flour source. Chestnuts are also a rich source of other beneficial compounds, but there have been few studies on the composition during processing. In this study, we analyzed the chemical composition of three Portuguese cultivars at different stages of industrial processing. The chestnut cultivars were Longal, Judia, and Martaínha. All three cultivars had high moisture contents but were low in ash, crude fat, and crude protein contents, with high starch and low fiber contents. The free amino acid contents, including various essential amino acids, varied depending on the cultivar. All three cultivars also had a significant content of polyphenolics with gallic acid; ellagic acid was predominant among hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. Many of these compounds are known to exert significant positive effects on human health. The one-way analysis of variance for fresh chestnut shows significant differences among the three cultivars for most of the studied parameters. The same statistical analysis applied to each one of the two cultivars (Judia and Longal) sampled for the four processing steps analyzed indicates a significant effect of this factor in practically all of the constituents. On the other hand, the two-way analysis of variance shows that, besides the residual, the processing step and the interaction cultivar x processing step were the factors that more contributed for the total variation observed in the constituents analyzed, while the contribution of cultivar was much less significant.     

猪舍夏季降温技术应用研究现状

叙述了国内外猪舍夏季降温技术研究与应用的现状及存在的问题，喷淋、湿垫—风机降温系统、细雾蒸发降温系统一般被应用于降低猪舍内的高温。对于夏季降温技术研究应继续完善已有的降温方法在猪舍的应用，同时要开展针对我国气候特点及猪舍建筑实际的夏季降温方式，特别是南方炎热地区开放型猪舍的降温技术措施的研究。     

不同比例尺DEM提取地面坡度的精度研究——以在黄土丘陵沟壑区的试验为例

以陕北绥德县韭园沟流域为试验样区 ,采用高精度 1∶ 1万 DEM所提取的坡度为准值 ,应用多层面复合分析和比较分析的方法 ,研究该地区 1∶ 5万 DEM提取地面坡度的误差特征与纠正方法。试验结果显示 ,所获得的不同空间尺度下 DEM所提取坡度值的转换图谱 ,可对 1∶ 5万 DEM计算的地面坡度统计值进行有效修正。该成果对于 DEM数据在水土保持领域若干应用标准的制定 ,提供了重要的理论依据与技术路线     

Trace Element Emissions from some Cement Plants in Turkey

The cement industry has been one of the major sources of air pollution in the past and the Turkish Air Quality Protection Regulation has issued limits also to trace elementemissions to minimise the polluting effects of this industrialsector. In the present study, dust samples were obtained isokinetically from 18 main stacks of 10 cement plants locatedin different geographical areas of Turkey. The samples were analysed for trace elements Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Se, Te, TI, V, Sb, Ba, Zn, Co, Sr, Cu, Bi, Mo, Be, and As. The results are presented both as concentration in the dust samples as well as emissions per unit production, and concentration inthe stack gas. The trace element emissions of the main stacksagree to great extent with the values given in the literature. On the other hand, the trace element emissions of the plants considered are well below the limits set in the Turkish Air Quality Protection Regulation.     

白背飞虱羧酸酯酶与乙酰胆碱酯酶的体躯与亚细胞分布特征

白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)羧酸酯酶(CaE)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的体躯及亚细胞分布特征研究结果表明，若虫头、胸、腹部中CaE活性分别占50.8%，26.0%和23.2%，雌成虫各占33.0%，23.5%和43.5%，雄成虫各占26.5%，23.2%和50.3%。若虫、雌雄成虫的AchE活性均主要分布于头部，各占总活性的87.7%，71.1%和74.7%。差速离心结果表明，该飞虱CaE主要位于胞质溶胶层中，其活性占57.0％～66.9%；AchE活性在胞质溶胶层中仅占5.8%～17.0%，而62.8%～76.9%的活性则分布于线粒体层、细胞核和细胞碎片层中。最后就上述两种酶在细胞中的存在形式作了讨论。     

实验性鸡大肠杆菌病的免疫组化检测

用致病性大肠杆菌 O1 8分离株和 /或低致病性禽流感病毒 (Mildly pathogenic avian influenza virus,MPAIV)接种 1 0～ 1 2日龄 SPF鸡 ,细菌接种后 1～ 96h对试验鸡的气管、肺、气囊、胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏、肝脏和肾脏的石蜡切片进行间接酶标抗体染色 ,发现大肠杆菌接种组、混合接种组的气管、肺在接种后 1 h可检测到细菌抗原 ,混合接种组检测到的细菌更多 ,存在时间更长。结果表明 :气管、肺和气囊是鸡大肠杆菌定居的场所 ;MPAIV可延长细菌在气管、肺和气囊中定居的时间 ,使鸡大肠杆菌病进一步加重