Heavy Metal–Mineral Associations in Coeur d’Alene River Sediments: A Synchrotron-Based Analysis

Nearly a century of mining activities upstream have contaminated Lake Coeur d’Alene and its tributaries with Pb, Zn, and other heavy metals. Heavy metal concentrations in sediments of the Coeur d’Alene watershed have been shown to be inversely proportional to the sediment size fraction; thus, analysis on a very small scale is essential to determine the mobility and stability of heavy metals in this environment. Micron-scale synchrotron-based methods were used to determine the association of heavy metals with solid phases in sediments of the Coeur d’Alene River. Bulk X-ray diffraction (XRD), extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and synchrotron-based microfocused XRD combined with microfocused X-ray fluorescence mapping indicate the presence of crystalline Pb- and Zn-bearing mineral phases of dundasite [Pb₂Al₄(CO₃)₄(OH)₈·3H₂O], coronadite [PbMn₈O₁₆], stolzite [PbWO₄], mattheddleite [Pb₁₀(SiO₄)_3.5(SO₄)₂Cl₂], bindheimite [Pb₂Sb₂O₇], and smithsonite [ZnCO₃]. Likely phases for Zn and Pb adsorption were ferrihydrite, diaspore [AlO(OH)], manganite [Mn^(III)O(OH)], muscovite [KAl₂(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH,F)₂], biotite [K(Fe,Mg)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(F,OH)₂], and montmorillonite [Na_0.3(Al,Mg)₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂·8H₂O]. The large predominance of Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides over other sorbent minerals suggests that the metal sorption behavior is dominated by these (hydr)oxide phases.     

Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Growth,Yield and Fruit Quality of Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)

The sour cherry cv. ‘Kütahya’ is one of the most produced cultivars in Turkey. This study was conducted with cultivar ‘Kütahya’ cultivated on Prunus mahalep both 2010 and 2011 years. In this study, the effects of Bacillus mycoides T8 and Bacillus subtilis OSU-142 bacteria strains on yield, fruit properties and plant growth was aimed to investigate. Floral and foliar applications of T8, OSU-142 and T8+OSU-142 on sour cherry significantly increased the yield per tree, shoot length and leaf area, compared with the control. The highest shoot length was found in the T8+OSU-142 (51.74 cm) application while the least value was found in the control (46.71 cm). The yield increased from 8.229?kgtree^?1 (in control) to 13.663 (T8 application) and to 11.660?kgtree^?1 (T8+OSU-142 application) in average of two years. The results of the present study suggested that Bacillus T8 and Bacillus OSU-142, alone or in combination, have a great potential for the enhancement of yield and plant growth of sour cherry and therefore they have been suggested in growth promotion in sour cherry cultivation.     

Ein Vergleich vonChrysoperla carnea (Steph.)-Eiern mit und ohne Stielchen aus einer mit semisynthetischer Diät sowie aus einer mit Blattläusen ernährten Zucht im Hinblick auf einen Freilandeinsatz

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurdenC. carnea-Eier mit und ohne Stielchen verglichen, die entweder aus einer mit semisynthetischer Diät oder aus einer mit Blattläusen ernährten Zucht stammten. Als wichtigste Parameter dienten dabei die Ermittlung der Schlupfrate der Larven sowie deren weitere Larval- und Pupalentwicklung. Die Versuche erfolgten in Klimaschränken unter definierten Bedingungen bei Einzelhaltung der Eier und der weiteren Entwicklungsstadien vonC. carnea in kleinen Petrischalen.Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß die Schlupfrate der Larven aus beiden Varianten der Zucht Bionova, bei deren Eiern das Stielchen abgetrennt worden war, mit 60 bzw. 62% deutlich niedriger lag als bei denen der anderen Varianten mit 78, 84 und 86%. Die Larven, deren Eier aus der Institutszucht stammten und die mit Stiel belassen wurden, wiesen mit 19,9 Tagen eine signifikant längere Entwicklungsdauer auf als die der anderen Varianten. Die Larven derselben Zucht aus der Variante ohne Stiel benötigten 16,9 Tage zum Erreichen des Puppenstadiums, während die Larven der Varianten aus der Zucht Bionova sich nach 16,6, 16,1 und 15,8 Tagen verpuppten. Die höchste Mortalitätsrate von 50% konnte bei den Larven aus der Zucht Bionova festgestellt werden, deren Eier stiellos waren. Dagegen schwankte die Mortalität in den anderen Varianten zwischen 25,6 und 35,5%.Die Dauer der Puppenruhe war bei den Individuen aus der Zucht des Instituts mit 16,2 und 16,5 Tagen ungeachtet der verschiedenen Varianten signifikant länger als bei denen aus der Zucht Bionova. Die Puppen der Varianten aus der Zucht Bionova verblieben zwischen 13,5 und 13,8 Tage im Puppenstadium.

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A comparative study onChrysoperla carnea (Steph.)-eggs with and without stalk of a with semisynthetic diest and of a with aphids fed culture with regard to a field application

In the present studyChrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)-eggs with and without stalk were compared. The eggs stem from stock breeds either fed with a semisynthetic diet (Bionova breed) or with aphids (Institute breed). The comparison is done with the use of the parameter hatching rate of the larvae and with parameters of the following larval and pupal development. The experiments were conducted in a climatic chamber under defined conditions. The individuums of the egg and the following development stages were each kept in little petri dishes.The results of the experiments exhibit that the hatching rate of those larvae which originate from both variants of the Bionova breed, where the eggs were seperated from the stalk, was clearly lower (60% and 62%) than that one of the other variants (78, 84 and 86%). The larvae, which stem from eggs with stalk maintained at the institute developed within 19.9 days which is significantly longer than the development time of the other variants. The larvae of the same breed but destalked required 16.9 days to reach the pupal stage. The development times of the 3 variants of the Bionova breed were 16.6, 16.1 and 15.8 days respectively.The mortality rate was highest (50%) for those larvae of the Bionova breed, which stem from eggs without stalk. In contrast to this the mortality of the other variants varied between 25.6 and 35.5%.The duration of the pupal stage for individuals that originate from the Institute breed was significantly longer (16.2 and 16.5 days) than that one for individuals of the Bionova breed 13.5 and 13.8 days). The other variants had no influence on the duration of the pupal stage.

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Mit einer Abbildung und 2 Tabellen     

Studies on developmental stages of the horse chestnut scale insect,Pulvinaria regalis Canard (Hom., Coccidae), in the open land and in the laboratory

In the presented paper the development of horse chestnut scale insect,Pulvinaria regalis Canard, was studied a on red horse chestnut (Aesculus x carnea) in the urban area of Bonn. Secondly, the scale insect growth was determined on sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) and horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) at different temperatures in the laboratory.The field population displayed an insignificant linear increase in body length between July and beginning of December. No growth was observed between December and March but between mid of March and beginning of May the body size increased exponentially. By setting up a frequency distribution of the anal plate length and by simultaneous measurement of new and old anal plate during molting it was possible to separate different developmental stages. The length of the anal plates of first instar crawlers/settlers ranged between 0.030 and 0.054 mm, that of the second and third instar nymphs between 0.066 and 0.090 mm and 0.102 to 0.150 mm, respectively. The anal plate length of fourth instar adult females differed between 0.162 and 0.246 mm, whereas those of male puparians ranged between 0.075 and 0.098 mm. Since the cuticula ofP. regalis is very extensible, the separation of different developmental stages was only reliable by using the measure of the strongly sclerosed anal plate. Until 12. August first instar crawlers/settlers and till 29. September second instar nymphs were observed on red horse chestnut in the field. Female third instar nymphs were noticed between 9. September and 28. April and fourth instar adult females from 31. March on.In the laboratoryP. regalis individuals on horse chestnut and sycamore maple did only growth at 18°C and fluctuating temperature of 20/14°C (16/8 h). The growth was heavily affected at warm temperatures of 26°C and scale insects lived only a few weeks. Only at the fluctuating temperature of 20/14°C (16/8 h) some females laid eggs on horse chestnut and sycamore maple from the 49. and 48. week on.

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Untersuchungen über Entwicklungsstadien der Wolligen NapfschildlausPulvinaria regalis Canard (Hom., Coccidae) im Freiland und Labor

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Entwicklungsstadien der Wolligen NapfschildlausPulvinaria regalis Canard im Freiland an einer Rotblütigen Roßkastanie (Aesculus x carnea) im Stadtgebiet von Bonn, sowie das Körperwachstum an Bergahorn (Acer pseudoplatanus) und Roßkastanie (Aesculus hippocastanum) bei unterschiedlichen Temperatubedingungen im Labor untersucht.Die Freilandpopulation zeigte von Juli bis Anfang Dezember eine geringe lineare, von Mitte Dezember bis Anfang März nahezu keine und von Mitte März bis Anfang Mai eine exponentielle Zunahme der durchschnittlichen Körperlänge. Durch das Aufstellen einer Häufigkeitsverteilung der Analplattenlänge sowie durch das gleichzeitige Messen von neuen und noch nicht abgestreiften alten Analplatten während der Häutungsphase konnte ein Maß zur Abgrenzung der Entwicklungsstadien ermittelt werden. Die Analplattenlänge von Crawlern/Settlern (=erstes Larvenstadium) lagen im Bereich von 0,030–0,054 mm, des ersten und zweiten Nymphenstadiums im Bereich von 0,066–0,900 mm und 0,102–0,150 mm. Bei adulten Weibchen lag die Analplattenlänge zwischen 0,162 und 0,246 mm und bei männlichen Präpuppen zwischen 0,075 und 0,098 mm. Da die Cuticula vonP. regalis sehr dehnbar ist, war eine sichere Stadienzuordnung nur mit Hilfe der stark sklerotisierten Analplatte möglich. Bis zum 12. August waren Crawler/Settler und bis zum 29. September Erstnymphen zu beobachten. Weibliche Zweitnymphen traten vom 9. September bis 28. April und adulte Weibchen ab dem 31. März in Erscheinung.Im Labor konnte auf den Versuchspflanzen Roßkastanie und Bergahorn ein Wachstum der Körperlänge vonP. regalis-Individuen bei Konstanttemperatur von 18°C und bei Wechseltemperatur von 20/14°C (16/8 h) gemessen werden. Bei einer Konstanttemperatur von 26°C war das Wachstum auf beiden Wirtspflanzenarten gestört und ein Überleben nur für wenige Wochen möglich. Nur in der Temperaturvariante 20/14°C (16/8 h) legten einige Weibchen ab der 49. Woche auf Roßkastanie und ab der 48. Woche auf Bergahorn Eier ab.

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With 2 tables and 4 figures

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Dedicated to Prof. Dr.W. Schwenke for 75th birthday 22.3.1996.     

Microencapsulation of Phenolic Extracts from Cocoa Shells to Enrich Chocolate Bars

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Cocoa bean shells were subjected to green extraction technologies, based on the absence of toxic organic solvents, to recover polyphenols; the extract was then...     

Virulence of Puccinia triticina in Turkey and leaf rust resistance in Turkish wheat cultivars

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is a common disease on wheat in the coastal regions of Turkey. Collections of P. triticina from infected wheat leaves were obtained from the main wheat production zones of Turkey in 2009 and 2010. A total of 104 single uredinial isolates were tested for virulence on 20 lines of Thatcher wheat that differ for single leaf rust resistance genes. Forty-four different virulence phenotypes were identified over both years. Four phenotypes were found in both years. Phenotype FHPTQ found in 2009, with virulence to genes Lr2c, Lr3, Lr16, Lr26, Lr3ka, Lr17a, Lr30, LrB, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr18, Lr3bg, and Lr14b, was the most common phenotype at 15.4 % of the total isolates. Forty-three winter and spring wheat cultivars from Turkey were tested as seedlings with 13 different P. triticina virulence phenotypes from Canada, the US and Turkey. The infection types on the cultivars were compared with infection types on the Thatcher near isogenic lines to postulate the presence of seedling leaf rust resistance genes in the cultivars. Resistance genes Lr1, Lr3a, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr17a, Lr20, Lr23, and Lr26 were postulated to be present in the Turkish wheat cultivars. DNA of the wheat cultivars was tested with PCR markers to determine the presence of the adult plant resistance genes Lr34 and Lr37. Marker data indicated the presence of Lr34 in 20 cultivars and Lr37 in three cultivars. Field plot evaluations of the wheat cultivars indicated that no single Lr gene conditioned highly effective leaf rust resistance. Resistant cultivars varied for combinations of seedling and adult plant resistance genes.