Body condition score prior to parturition is associated with plasma and adipose tissue biomarkers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in Holstein cows

Background: Previous research has revealed a strong inflammatory response within adipose(AT) tissue during the transition into lactation. Whether this effect is a result of oxidative stress induced by lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation associated with differences in prepartum body condition score remains to be determined. The objectives of this study were to investigate systemic biomarkers of energy balance and inflammation and the expression of lipid metabolismand inflammation-related genes in AT during the transition period in dairy cows.Results: Twenty multiparous Holstein cows were retrospectively divided by body condition score(BCS) prior to parturition into two groups(10 cows/group): BCS ≤ 3.25(Lo BCS) and BCS ≥ 3.75(Hi BCS). Subcutaneous adipose tissue was biopsied from the tail-head region at d-10, 7 and 20 relative to parturition. Plasma was used to evaluate biomarkers of energy balance(EBAL) [free fatty acids(NEFA), glycerol, insulin] and inflammation [IL-1β, haptoglobin, myeloperoxidase, and reactive oxygen metabolites(ROM)]. Although insulin concentration was not affected by BCS, NEFA was overal greater and glycerol lower in HiB CS cows. Greater activity of myeloperoxidase in plasma coincided with increased haptoglobin and IL-1β postpartum in LoB CS cows.Among genes related with oxidative stress, the expression of the cytosolic antioxidant enzyme SOD1 was greater in LoB CS compared to HiB CS. Cows in LoB CS compared with HiB CS had greater overal expression of ABDH5 and ATGL along with ADIPOQ, indicating enhanced basal lipolysis and secretion of adiponectin. Expression of CPT1 A, ACADVL, and ACOX1 was greater overal in HiB CS than LoB CS indicating enhanced NEFA oxidation. Although the temporal increase in plasma NEFA regardless of BCS coincided with the profile of CPT1 A, the gradual decrease in genes related with reesterification of NEFA(PCK1) and glycerol efflux(AQP7) coupled with an increase in glycerol kinase(GK) suggested some stimulation of NEFA utilization within adipose tissue. This idea is supported in part by the gradual decrease in insulin regardless of BCS. Although expression of the inflammation-related gene toll-like receptor 4( TLR4) was greater in Hi BCS versus Lo BCS cows at-10 d, expression of TLR9 was greater in Hi BCS versus Lo BCS at 20 d.These profiles did not seem to be associated with concentrations of pro-inflammatory biomarkers or ROM.Conclusions: Overall, data indicated that cows with BCS 3.25 or lower before calving experienced greater alterations in systemic inflammation and basal lipolysis without excessive increases in NEFA plasma concentrations.Despite the greater plasma NEFA around parturition, cows with BCS 3.75 or higher seemed to have a more active system for catabolism of NEFA and utilization of glycerol within adipose tissue. A linkage between those pathways and risk of disorders postpartum remains to be determined.     

基于Langmuir吸附理论的双孢蘑菇呼吸速率模型

研究了不同温度（5、10、15、20、25℃）下,气调包装的双孢蘑菇呼吸速率随贮藏时间的变化规律。结果表明,双孢蘑菇的呼吸速率随着贮藏时间的延长而不断降低,直至达到动态平衡状态。利用Langmuir吸附理论对双孢蘑菇呼吸速率的测定值进行了解析,建立了不同贮藏温度下的呼吸速率模型。结果显示,双孢蘑菇的呼吸速率随贮藏环境中O2体积分数的增加而升高,随CO2体积分数的增加而降低;最大呼吸速率随温度的增加而增加,且与贮藏温度之间满足Arrhenius方程。     

氮肥运筹对水稻养分累积特性的影响

为了实现作物产量和氮肥效率的协调提高,以辽星1号为研究对象,通过田间试验分析了不同生长发育阶段氮肥运筹模式对水稻干物质量及NPK养分累积的影响。结果表明,施氮明显提高了水稻干物质及NPK的累积量及累积速率,且这种影响越到生育后期越大。随着生育期推进,水稻干物质及NPK的累积量均增加。干物质及N累积量的增加幅度在拔节期-乳熟期期间较大,而PK累积量的增加幅度在乳熟期以前较大。表明生育中前期是水稻吸PK的关键时期,生育中后期是吸收N和干物质累积的关键时期。综合考虑籽粒产量、氮肥效率和养分累积特性,N 210 kg/hm²后移施用（40%基肥+40%分蘖肥+20%穗肥）为试验条件下的最佳氮肥运筹模式。     

Genetic parameter estimation and gene association analyses for meat quality traits in open-air free-range Iberian pigs

Meat quality of Iberian pigs is defined by the combination of their genetic characteristics and the particular production system. To carry out a genetic analysis of the main meat quality traits, we estimated their heritabilities, genetic correlations and the association effects of 32 selected SNPs of 12 candidate genes. A total of ten traits were measured in longissimus dorsi samples from 1,199 Iberian pigs fattened in the traditional free-range system: water holding capacity (thawing, cooking and centrifuge force water losses), instrumental colour (lightness L*, redness a* and yellowness b*), myoglobin content, shear force on cooked meat, and shear force and maximum compression force on dry-cured loin. Estimated heritability values were low to moderate (0.01 to 0.43) being the lowest for L* and the highest for cooking loss. Strong genetic correlations between water holding capacity traits (0.93 to 0.96) and between myoglobin content and a* (0.94) were observed. The association analyses revealed 19 SNPs significantly associated with different traits. Consistent and strong effects were observed between PRKAG3 SNPs (rs319678464G > C and rs330427832C > T), MYH3_rs81437544T > C, CASP3_rs319658214G > T and CTSL_rs332171512A > G and water losses. Also for CAPN1_rs81358667G > A and CASP3_rs319658214G > T and shear force. The SNPs mapping on PRKAG3 showed the highest effects on Minolta colour traits. Genotyping of these SNPs could be useful for the selection of Iberian young boars with similar estimated breeding values for productive traits.     

红叶石楠营养钵扦插繁殖技术

以红叶石楠为试材,选取生长粗壮、半木质化1 a生枝条,进行春季和秋季扦插,对插穗用“国光生根粉”进行蘸根处理,采用一个营养钵扦插2～3个插穗的育苗技术.基本上10～12个月即可达到出圃要求,成活率可达92％～98％,高度可以达到50～80 cm,有5～8个分枝,并有一定的冠幅,苗齐苗壮,根系发达,带钵移栽根系完整,不伤苗,保水保肥,便于长途运输,移栽后相对于未使用营养钵育苗的成活率可提高10％～20％,且生长速度快.价高易销,上市很受欢迎.     

Layered double hydroxides as supports for the slow release of acid herbicides

A Mg/Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) was intercalated with the anionic herbicides 2,4-D, MCPA, and picloram by using three different methodologies: (i) direct synthesis (DS), (ii) regeneration (RE), and (iii) ion exchange (IE). The resulting complexes were characterized and assayed by batch release and column leaching tests, aiming at the controlled release of these herbicides. All the tested LDH-herbicide complexes displayed similar slow herbicide release properties in water, although the IE method seemed to result in complexes with a greater fraction of herbicide in a readily available form. Apparently, the LDH-herbicide complexes released most of the active ingredient present in the complexes at the end of the batch release experiment. This was attributed to the replacement of the intercalated herbicide by carbonate and hydroxyl anions from the aqueous solution. Compared to the free herbicides, the application of the three LDH-herbicide complexes (RE) to soil columns resulted in reduction in the maximum herbicide concentration in leachates and led to the retardation of herbicide leaching through the soil. All LDH-herbicide complexes presented an herbicidal efficacy similar to that of the free (technical) herbicides. Our results indicated the potential applicability of LDHs as supports for the preparation of slow release formulations of acid herbicides such as 2,4-D, MCPA, or picloram.     

Demand and effect of potassium,magnesium, and calcium chlorides on hemolymph parameters,immune-related gene expression,and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone (1931) under biofloc technology

The ionic composition of culture water may be a more important limiting factor than the salinity itself and may lead to osmotic stress which may influence growth and survival of shrimp culture. The uptake rate and the effect of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), and potassium chloride (KCl) salts in juveniles of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultured with biofloc technology (BFT) was evaluated for 62 days in seawater (30 practical salinity unity). Five treatments were analyzed in triplicate: T1; control (water exchange rate of 5% daily), T2; adding CaCl₂?+?MgCl₂?+?KCl, T3; adding MgCl₂?+?KCl, T4; adding CaCl₂?+?KCl, and T5; adding CaCl₂?+?MgCl₂. Mineral salts were added to water and the response of experimental parameters: physicochemical variables of water quality, osmotic pressure, total hemocyte count, glutathione peroxidase gene expression, superoxide dismutase, and zootechnical variables of the shrimp was assessed. The uptake of single chloride salts (CaCl₂, MgCl₂, and KCl) by shrimp varied as a function of the concentrations and the ratio of these three ions. Magnesium deficiencies in the culture medium increased CaCl₂ and KCl uptake without showing gene expression of SOD and GPx. The best survival rate was obtained by adding the three ions (T2) and the control (T1, water exchange of 5%). We concluded that L. vannamei can be maintained by the addition of essential chloride ions in BFT without water replacement.

     

间作行宽对玉米、高丹草青贮品质的影响

为探究间作行宽对玉米和高丹草青贮营养品质和发酵品质的影响,以玉米和高丹草宽行(6∶ 12)、中行(4∶8)和窄行(2∶4)种植模式下的材料为研究对象,以其单播为对照,在蜡熟期进行刈割及青贮发酵处理,青贮 60 d 后,测定其营养成分及发酵指标。结果表明：在宽行种植模式下,玉米青贮后中性洗涤纤维含量较对照降低了 5. 4%,泌乳净能提高了 2. 4%,高丹草青贮后粗蛋白含量较对照提高了 10. 8%,乙酸含量较对照提高了 480%;在中行种植模式下,玉米青贮后泌乳净能较对照降低了 1. 9%, 高丹草青贮后粗蛋白含量较对照提高了 7. 0%,泌乳净能较对照降低了 0. 8%;在窄行种植模式下,玉米青贮后可溶性糖含量较对照提高了 27. 6%,乳酸含量较对照提高了 49. 2%。高丹草青贮后干物质含量较对照降低了 1. 0%,泌乳净能较对照提高了 0. 8%。经灰色关联度综合分析表明,玉米在窄行种植模式下青贮品质最好,高丹草在中行种植模式下青贮品质最好。     

农业纤维物料压缩成型研究现状

在大量查阅国内外农业纤维压缩成型资料的基础上,对压缩成型过程中的能耗、压缩力、压缩密度及物料的流变学模型研究进行了总结.其中,能耗和物料最终成型密度对农业纤维物料压缩成型产品的成本影响较大,也是大多数相关研究者的关注重点.通过总结已有研究认为,压缩过程中的最大压缩力、物料含水率及压缩保持时间是影响压缩能耗及产品最终密度的主要因素.借助流变学模型能够有助于描述压缩过程中的应力-应变-时间关系,并对确定压缩频率及产品最终形态稳定性有重要影响,建议将压缩处理工艺作为纤维物料利用系统的一个环节加以综合考虑,并对压缩经济性进行深入分析,在此基础上寻求压缩工艺的优化.