消除水分因素影响的野外原状土壤盐分高光谱建模估测

土壤水分被确定为土壤属性(有机碳、盐分等)光谱预测准确性下降的一个主要原因,该文通过两种方法的对比旨在探索去除土壤水分影响、提高盐分高光谱定量估测精度的方法和技术路线。首先以山东省东营市垦利区为研究区,采用地物光谱仪测定了96个样本的野外原状土和室内风干土光谱,并进行一阶导数变换;接着,对比分析盐分光谱特征及水分的影响;然后分别采用外部参数正交化(external parameter orthogonalization,EPO)和非负矩阵分解(non-negative matrix factorizing,NMF)方法校正和融合野外原状土光谱,去除土壤水分因素的影响,形成野外原状土光谱的校正和融合光谱;最后基于野外原状土光谱、校正和融合光谱,分别采用多元逐步线性回归(multiple step linear regression,MSLR)和偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)构建土壤盐分含量的估测模型,并进行验证和比较,分析预测精度变化。结果显示:土壤水分对野外原状土光谱及盐分光谱特征影响较大,需要研究去除;EPO和NMF均可提高土壤盐分野外原位光谱估测精度,比较而言,NMF效果更为显著;EPO结合PLSR或NMF结合MSLR可作为去除水分影响的土壤盐分校准模型的技术路线。     

Optimisation of sodium and potassium concentrations and pH in the artificial seminal plasma of common carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis> L.

The effect of sodium and potassium concentrations as well as optimal pH on the motility of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. sperm during short-term storage in artificial seminal plasma (ASP) was investigated. Sperm was collected from individual males (n?=?5) and each sample diluted tenfold (1:9) in ASP (sperm:extender) containing 2 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM Mg₂SO₄ and 20 mM Tris at pH 8.0 and supplemented by the following concentrations of sodium and potassium (mM/mM): 0/150, 20/130, 40/110, 75/75, 110/40, 130/20 and 150/0. The osmolality of all ASP variants was set at 310 mOsm kg^?1. Sperm motility was measured using a CASA system during 72 h of storage. Immediately after dilution, sperm motility was high (90%) both in each variant and in the control group (fresh sperm). After 72-h storage, the highest sperm motility was noted in ASP containing 110 mM NaCl and 40 mM KCl. No differences were found in the motility of samples preserved within the pH range of 7.0–9.0. Our data suggest that for the short-term storage of common carp sperm, whereas the pH of the solution does not play a crucial role, a specific potassium concentration of around 40 mM is required.     

基于熵权物元模型的青海省土地生态安全评价

为了科学评判生态脆弱区青海省土地资源的生态安全及其变化情况,运用熵权法和P-S-R模型,构建该区域土地生态安全评价指标体系及权重,采用物元理论建立土地生态安全的综合评判模型,并对青海省2000—2010年土地生态安全状况变化情况及空间差异进行了分析。结果表明：青海省土地生态安全的发展趋势大体表现为“较不安全→临界安全”;青海省各市（州、地区）的土地生态安全状况变化情况不尽相同,地区间差异明显;影响青海省土地生态安全水平的主要制约因素包括经济密度、人均耕地面积、林草覆盖率、水土协调度、成灾面积比重和化肥施用量。     

三峡库区土地利用与土壤质量演化的关系研究--以重庆万州为例

在三峡库区有代表性的重庆万州地区选择4种典型利用方式,运用土壤质量演化指数法,研究土地利用方式对三峡库区土壤质量演化的影响。计算结果表明,旱地转变成其他利用方式后,土壤质量均向良性方向演化,而且果园改善最大,菜地次之,撂荒地也有所恢复。     

稠油管输起始加热温度熵产最小优化设计

基于熵产率最小化原理,分析了原油在输送过程中散热损失和摩擦阻力引起的熵产情况,优化了熵产率最小所对应的管输起始加热温度。研究结果表明:最小熵产率与输送流量、起始温度和管道管径有关,输量对熵产率有一定的影响,输量越高,输送单位质量原油的熵产率越低,但随输量的增加,熵产率降低的幅度逐渐减少;只有适当的起始加热温度才能保证单位质量原油输送单位距离所产生的熵产率最小;对应最小熵产率的原油起始温度随管径的增大而降低。最小熵产率优化设计方法克服了热经济设计方法需要材料价格、施工费用等参数难于准确选取和所得结果与当前物价及贷款利率有关的缺点。     

家蚕中肠特异启动子BmAPN的克隆及活性分析

【目的】克隆和鉴定1个家蚕中肠特异启动子,为研究家蚕的免疫应答和应用研究提供新的工具。【方法】从家蚕品种大造中提取基因组总DNA,用PCR方法克隆家蚕中肠特异表达基因BmAPN（GenBank登录号：BAA33715.1）的上游调控序列。利用此序列构建以EGFP为报告基因的转基因表达载体pBac[BmAPN-EGFP-SV40,3×P3-DsRed],通过显微注射获得转基因家蚕,在个体水平上检测启动子的活性。【结果】所克隆的BmAPN启动子长度为1 598 bp,其驱动的EGFP仅在转基因家蚕中肠特异表达,与内源基因BmAPN的表达特征一致。该启动子在家蚕幼虫时期活性相对较高,且在起蚕期的活性要明显高于眠蚕期,推测该启动子中的特异元件受激素调控。【结论】经克隆获得的BmAPN启动子为有活性的启动子,且为家蚕中肠特异启动子。     

Effect of supplemental feed type on water quality,plankton and benthos availability and carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) growth in semi‐intensive monoculture ponds

A four‐and‐a‐half months study was conducted in nine earthen ponds to evaluate the addition of different supplemental feeds as a management tool for enhancing natural food availability and common carp growth, while maintaining optimal water quality in the semi‐intensive system. Three supplemental feeds were used: commercial extruded and pelleted feed with 25% protein and 7% fat and cereals. The type of supplemental feed did not influence water quality, except hardness, but significantly affected abundance of cyanobacteria, natural food availability and common carp growth. The use of pelleted feed was related to the lowest abundance of cyanobacteria in the ponds. For the two groups of large zooplankton, Cladocera and Copepoda, abundances were higher in the ponds with pelleted feed compared with the ponds where cereals and extruded feed were used. The abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in the treatment with pelleted feed was three times higher than in the other two treatments. The results of this study indicate that pelleted feed can help farmers not only as a source of nutrients for carp growth but also indirectly as a management tool for maintaining ecological stability and control of cyanobacterial bloom in ponds.     

Diversity and pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum species complex from maize stalk and ear rot strains in northeast China

The Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) is an important group of pathogens distributed in maize‐producing areas worldwide. This study investigated the genetic diversity and pathogenicity of 40 FGSC isolates obtained from stalk rot and ear rot samples collected from 42 locations in northeastern China during 2013 and 2014. A phylogenetic tree of translation elongation factor (EF‐la) sequences designated the 40 isolates as F. graminearum sensu stricto (67.5%) and F. boothii (32.5%). By using inter‐simple sequence repeat analysis (ISSR), it was shown that the isolates were divided into two clades, which corresponded to the species identity of the isolates. However, the isolates from the two different diseases could not be distinguished in pathogenicity. The disease severity index of seedlings inoculated with stalk isolates was slightly higher than that of seedlings inoculated with isolates from infected ears, whereas the pathogenicity of the stalk and ear isolates were identical.     

Phylogenetic diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calonectria ilicicola</Emphasis> causing Cylindrocladium black rot of peanut and red crown rot of soybean in southern China

Calonectria ilicicola Boedijin & Reitsma (anamorph: Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, Wingfield & Alfennas) is an important pathogen worldwide, which causes Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and red crown rot (RCR) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. We isolated the CBR and RCR pathogens from heavily diseased peanut and soybean fields in southern China and assessed their pathogenicity. Two inoculation methods were applied separately to evaluate the pathogenicity of different C. ilicicola strains on peanut cultivar Yueyou 13. Our results indicate that the Chinese C. ilicicola strains exhibited a range of virulence on peanut, with strains of soybean origin exhibiting a weak virulence relative to strains isolated from peanut. Multilocus sequence type analysis indicates that the C. ilicicola strains partitioned into two distinct clades, which were heavily structured based on geographical origin. Phylogenetic results demonstrated that the origins of C. ilicicola in southern China were multiple. This study also revealed that the backgrounds of CBR pathogens may be different from those of RCR pathogens.     

Functional Mapping of Multiple Dynamic Traits

Many biological phenomena undergo developmental changes in time and space. Functional mapping, which is aimed at mapping genes that affect developmental patterns, is instrumental for studying the genetic architecture of biological changes. Often biological processes are mediated by a network of developmental and physiological components and, therefore, are better described by multiple phenotypes. In this article, we develop a multivariate model for functional mapping that can detect and characterize quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that simultaneously control multiple dynamic traits. Because the true genotypes of QTLs are unknown, the measurements for the multiple dynamic traits are modeled using a mixture distribution. The functional means of the multiple dynamic traits are estimated using the nonparametric regression method, which avoids any parametric assumption on the functional means. We propose the profile likelihood method to estimate the mixture model. A likelihood ratio test is exploited to test for the existence of pleiotropic effects on distinct but developmentally correlated traits. A simulation study is implemented to illustrate the finite sample performance of our proposed method. We also demonstrate our method by identifying QTLs that simultaneously control three dynamic traits of soybeans. The three dynamic traits are the time-course biomass of the leaf, the stem, and the root of the whole soybean. The genetic linkage map is constructed with 950 microsatellite markers. The new model can aid in our comprehension of the genetic control mechanisms of complex dynamic traits over time.