景气低迷中的企业家行为

《哈佛商业评论》经常将几十年前的老文章拿出来重新刊登,因为,这些老文章中闪烁的智慧并不随时间湮灭,相反,它们历久弥香,读者温故知新。本文即属此列,它作于十年前的1998年,亚洲金融危机过后的经济萧条中景气低迷,是目前许多厂家面对的一个现实。本文试图提出,企业和企业家在景气低迷时期的行为,对长期经济增长有极其重要的影响。这样的题目从何谈起？我想还是先从几个故事开始。     

中国粮食仓储行业淘汰甲基溴行动

为切实履行我国政府对国际社会<关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书>的<哥本哈根修正案>所作出的承诺,中国粮食仓储行业在保障我国粮食安全储备的前提下,在"淘汰甲基溴,保护臭氧层"方面采取了一系列行动(包括调研、确定替代技术、培训、制定规程、建设示范库、研究替代技术等),以达到替代甲基溴的目的.淘汰甲基溴的实际行动,研究新的淘汰甲基溴替代技术,对增强人们保护臭氧层的意识,推广和应用替代技术和确保人类共同家园的可持续发展都具有重要的意义.     

Cre/loxP定位重组系统在植物雄不育和杂种优势中的利用研究

Cre—loxP是来源于噬菌体P1的一种位点特异性重组系统。目前，它已广泛应用于基因功能鉴定，动植物及微生物基因组的修饰以及基因的表达和调控。雄性不育系在杂种优势的利用中具有重要意义。本实验是以Cre—loxP系统调控细胞毒素基因barnase在植物雄性器官发育的特异时期在特异组织表达，从而达到控制植物育性的目的。1．在本实验中，通过PCR方法克隆了解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens的barnase基因，及其抑制因子barstar的DNA序列，同时，构建成功双元表达载体及基因枪转化载体，并已获得经分子险测呈阳性的小麦植株。2．osg6B是来源于水稻花药绒毡层的特异性的启动子，它在小孢子发育的四分体时期至单核花粉期在花药绒毡层中特异启动基因的表达，它具有较为严紧的时空特异性。以osg6B为启动子，构建了一组受控于Cre／loxP位点特异性重组系统的适用于基因枪法转化小麦的载体系统。其中，转不育基因(og6B—barnase)小麦植株生长正常，但开花后，花粉量明显减少，自交不能得到正常种子。进行花粉活力检测发现，转基因小麦大部分花粉表现为败育。花粉离体萌发试验表明，转不育基因小麦的花粉离体萌发率极低，几近败育。说明以osg6B驱动barnase在小麦花药中的表达可以导致雄性不育。3．以osg6B为启动子，构建了一组受控于Cre／loxP的用于控制双子叶植物育性的双元表达载体系统。以转cre基因的烟草作为受体，以含阻断序列的质粒农杆菌进行二次转化。二次转化株营养生长正常，但开花期花器官表现异常。具体表现为花瓣异常开裂或不开裂，花丝变短或粘连，花药提早萎蔫或异常开裂。推测这种现象的出现与启动子的组织特异性或barnase的渗露表达有关。4．二次转化株花粉染色因不同株系出现全部败育、部分不育和多数可育的情况。花粉离体萌发实验也得到了相似的结果。这说明通过筛选，利用Cre／loxP得到完全不育的植物株系是完全可行的。5．获得了9个barnase的突变体，初步推测第十四位氨基酸及第八十位氨基酸与核糖核酸酶活性有关。同时，发现barnase的第316位核苷酸序列为易突变位点，自然发生的突变多插入一个C，从而产生终止位点的改变。这或许会为今后barnase的克隆与利用提供一些参考。     

水稻产量预测的Hopfield数学模型

在众多的人工神经网络模型当中,Hopfield神经网络是应用比较广泛的一种。鉴于Hopfield神经网络的特点,将其应用于水稻产量预测领域,运用人工神经网络的知识,建立了水稻Hopfield产量预测的数学模型,通过它可以提高水稻产量预测的精确性,以提高肥料利用率,促使水稻优产、高产,达到经济、生态和社会效益的统一。此数学模型已通过了测试与试验验证,取得了较好的效果。     

Survey of mycotic mastitis in dairy cows from Heilongjiang Province, China

A survey of the prevalence rate, pathogenic subspecies, and risk factors of mycotic mastitis in dairy cows from Heilongjiang Province, China, was conducted. Milk samples from 412 cows with chronic mastitis were collected and cultured on 8 % sheep blood agar, MacConkey agar, and Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol. Counting of the morphologically distinct colonies was performed, as well as the isolation and identification of organisms through phenotypical and physiological criteria. Four hundred seventy-eight aerobic microorganisms were isolated. Yeasts and yeast-like fungi 35.6 % (170/478) and bacteria 64.4 % (308/478) were isolated. The fungal isolates were identified as Candida (79.4 %), Trichosporon (5.9 %), Aspergillus (7.1 %), Cryptococcus (2.4 %), and Rhodotorula (4.1 %). More than ten species of yeast were isolated including Candida krusei 50/135 (37 %), Candida rugosa 16/135 (11.9 %), and Candida lusitaniae 15/135 (11.1 %). A higher positivity (18.5 and 56.3 %) (P ≤0.05) was observed in cows from environmental temperatures of 0–15 and 15–35 °C than those at <0 °C and in cows affected by the disease for >45 and 30–45 days compared with cows suffering 10–30 days. Meanwhile, a statistically significant difference (44.9 vs. 31.4 %) (P ≤0.05) was observed under extensive raising systems vs. intensive raising systems. It appears that Candida is a major pathogen of mycotic mastitis of dairy cows. Extensive raising system, high environmental temperature (15–35 °C), and the duration of the disease (>30 days) were important risk factors of the incidence of mycotic mastitis. Here, we provide a theoretical foundation for research into preventing and treating mycotic mastitis of dairy cows in China.     

Intestinal calcium transport: stimulation by low phosphorus diets

Rats maintained on a low phosphorus diet supplemented with 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) show high intestinal calcium transport activity as compared to rats similarly treated but fed a diet containing adequate phosphorus. This increased transport activity is correlated with an increased biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), the probable metabolically active form of the vitamin in the intestine.     

急进地表火扑火战术研究

地表火是林火种类的一种,分为急进地表火和稳进地表火。论述了急进地表火的特征,提出了一点两面式,分兵合围法;接力式打法;跳跃式扑打法;四面包围,全线出击;打点结合法;以火攻火法;以水灭火法;航空灭火法等扑救急进地表火的战术和应遵循的原则。     

中棉所63棉铃对位叶光合生理性能的杂种优势研究

以杂交棉中棉所63及其亲本为材料,在棉铃发育时期对棉铃对位叶的生理和光合性能指标进行测定,探索中棉所63获得高产的杂种优势形成机理。结果表明:1)中棉所63产量优势显著。单株结铃数比两亲本分别高21.52%,43.28%,铃重高2.42%,19.31%,叶面积载铃量高22.39%,22.30%。2)中棉所63在棉铃发育后期棉铃对位叶生理指标表现出显著的杂种优势。棉铃对位叶叶面积分别比亲本高26.60%,59.41%,并且中棉所63棉铃对位叶保持较高水平的SOD活性,使其生理代谢明显提高;与此同时,中棉所63的MDA含量显著低于亲本,细胞膜受损较轻,延缓了对位叶的衰老。3)中棉所63在棉铃发育后期棉铃对位叶光合指标表现出显著的杂种优势。在棉铃发育后期,中棉所63叶绿素含量、SPS活性的高水平,能够维持高效率的光合作用,积累更多的光合产物,从而使中棉所63获得较高的单株结铃数和铃重,最终获得高产。     

Morphological changes in carp epithelial cells infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

The in vitro interaction of Aeromonas hydrophila with epithehoma papillosum cells of carp (EPC) was studied. All the virulent and type strains invaded and multiplied inside EPC cells. Morphological changes were induced by the virulent and type strains during the processes of invasion and intracellular replication. Among the virulent group, strain PPD134/91 required the shortest time (30 min post-infection) to induce cytopathic effects in the EPC monolayers. The EPC cells infected with PPD 134/91 became retracted and condensed, lost their attachment abilities, and eventually disintegrated. Confocal microscopy revealed that tubular structures measuring 0.77 ± 0.19 μm appeared to connect the retracted EPC cells. The cytopathic effect was attributed to the growing and metabolically active bacteria. Avirulent strains such as L37 did not multiply nor induce cytopathic effects in the EPC monolayers.