氮肥对黑小麦“运黑161”产量及氮素利用效率的影响

为了研究不同施肥水平对黑小麦产量和氮利用率的影响,在洪洞县小麦试验基地开展大田试验。试验以“运黑161”为供试品种,采用单因素完全随机设计,设0 kg/hm²（N0）、144 kg/hm²（N144）、192 kg/hm²（N192）、240 kg/hm²（N240）4 个施氮水平,研究黑小麦在不同氮肥水平下的株高、产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和氮利用率的变化。研究表明,与不施肥相比,施氮可增加黑小麦孕穗至成熟期株高。随施氮量的增加,成熟期穗数和穗粒数也增加,产量以施氮量240 kg/hm²最高,达6 048.45 kg/hm²,较其它氮肥提高6.04%~134.30%,但与施氮量192 kg/hm²处理间差异不显著。氮肥农学利用率以施氮量192 kg/hm²最高,达16.26%。总之,施氮量为192 kg/hm²更利于“运黑161”降低氮肥投入,节约成本,实现产量和氮效率的同步提升。     

真菌对东北白桦木材化学成分的影响

为分析真菌对东北白桦木材化学成分的影响,有效的防治白桦木材变色,本研究对2种变色真菌引起的变色白桦木材A、B、C的化学成分进行了分析,结果表明,变色木材中的木素、a-纤维素含量基本未变,半纤维素含量降低。而聚戊糖由16.83%,分别降低到15.31%、15.31%及15.51%,通过冷热水、1%氢氧化钠、苯醇抽提物分析可见,4种抽提物含量增加明显,表明低分子化合物及糖类、可溶性无机盐等是变色真菌的营养源。对真菌间作用的分析结果表明,2种变色真菌间存在竞争关系,由此可以寻求防治变色的一条新途——生物防变色。     

循环流化床中塑料粉与稻壳共燃生成NO的研究

为研究塑料与稻壳共燃的氮氧化物生成规律,在自行设计的循环流化床装置上进行了二者的共燃实验。研究了温度、塑料粉和稻壳的混合比例及过量空气系数对NO生成量的影响。实验结果表明,随温度升高,NO生成量升高;随塑料粉与稻壳混合比例增加,NO生成量呈降低趋势,且NO的生成量低于二者单独焚烧时生成量的线性叠加;随着过量空气系数增加,NO生成量降低。为寻找二者共燃NO生成的一般性规律,采用径向基神经网络建立了NO生成的预测模型,预测结果显示该模型具有很高的精度。     

黄河流域传统果园发展现状及旅游发展潜力分析

全国重要农业文化遗产系统构成了令人叹为观止的优美人文景观,展现着传统农业生态多样性、生态系统适应性和珍贵的文化遗产。这些世代相传的农业系统构成了当代和未来农业创新和技术的基石。已公布的37个传统果园类全国重要农业文化遗产地,有14个沿黄河流域分布,是我国果业重要的发源地。拟以黄河流域的传统果园为研究对象,系统梳理其发展历史、现状及传统果园农耕系统,同时重点分析黄河流域主要果品的区位发展优劣势,最后结合传统果园的人文价值和区域经济发展因素等,综合探索传统果园的传承和利用途径,为我国果业发展提供传统农业系统和技术创新基础,也为传统果园的保护和传承发展以及农业管理部门挖掘和健全果园文化遗产保护机制提供参考。     

The origin,evolution, cultivation,dissemination, and diversification of Asian and African rices

Summary Available evidences drawn from biosystematics, evolutionary biology, biogeography, archaeology, history, anthropology, paleo-geology and paleo-meteorology are pooled to reconstruct the series of events that led to the cosmopolitan cultivation of the Asian cultivated rice (O. sativa) and the regionalized planting of the African cultigen (O. glaberrima) in West Africa. The genus Oryza originated in the Gondwanaland continents and, following the fracture of the supercontinent, became widely distributed in the humid tropics of Africa, South America, South and Southeast Asia, and Oceania. The two cultivated species have had a common progenitor in the distant past. Parallel and independent evolutionary processes occurred in Africa and in Asia, following the sequence of: wild perennialwild annualcultivated annual. The weed races also contributed to the differentiation of the cultivated annuals. The corresponding members of the above series are O. longistaminata Chev. et Roehr., O. barthii A. Chev., O. glaberrima Steud., and the stapfii forms of O. glaberrima in Africa; O. rufipogon Griff., O. nivara Sharma et Shastry, O. sativa L., and the spontanea forms of O. sativa in Asia.The differentiation and diversification of the annuals in South Asia were accelerated by marked climatic changes following the last glacial age, dispersal of plants over latitude or altitude, human selection, and manipulation of the cultural environment.Cultivation of rice began in many parts of South and Southeast Asia, probably first in Ancient India. Cultural techniques such as puddling and transplanting were first developed in north and central China and later transmitted to Southeast Asia. Wetland culture preceded dryland culture in China, but in hilly areas of Southeast Asia, dryland cultivation is older than lowland culture. The planting method progressed from shifting cultivation to direct sowing in permanent fields, then to transplanting in bunded fields.Widespread dispersal of the Asian cultigen led to the formation of three eco-geographic races (Indica. Sinica or Japonica, and Javanica) and distinct cultural types in monsoon Asia (upland, lowland, and deep water). Varietal types changed readily within the span of a millenium, largely due to cultivators' preferences, socio-religious traditions, and population pressure. Genetic differentiation developed parallel to the ecologic diversification process.The African cultigen developed later than the Asian cultigen and has undergone less diversification. The wild races in South America and Oceania retain their primitive features mainly due to lack of cultivation pressure or dispersal.Both the African and Asian rices are still undergoing evolutionary changes at habitats where the wild, weed, and cultivated races co-exist.     

秋水仙素诱导美洲商陆四倍体的研究

利用改良L.D.Cua法对美洲商陆进行多倍体诱变,在秋水仙碱浓度为0.2%条件下,设置24h、48h和72h三个诱变时间,并对所得到的变异株和对照株进行形态学、细胞学等方面的比较研究,结果表明：诱变48h效果最好;与对照相比,变异株的叶片厚度增加43.75%;叶形指数减少37.95%;气孔纵横径分别增加52.94%和73.01%;保卫细胞内叶绿体数目增加20.91%;花直径增加22.96%;花粉粒直径增加22.47%;果实直径增加23.66%。对变异株进行花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体鉴定,小孢子细胞的染色体数为n=2x=36,而对照小孢子细胞的染色体数为n=x=18,证明变异株为四倍体。     

金属洗桶企业场地污染调查与分析实例

以某金属洗桶企业搬离时,对场地开展的污染调查与分析为实例,探讨了污染场地健康风险评估的方法和进行风险管控的手段,以期提供参考。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区坡体稳定性影响因素分析

选取黄土丘陵沟壑区纸坊沟小流域为研究区,利用高精度遥感影像(分辨率0.068 m)和DEM (分辨率0.34 m)数据,结合野外调查,对崩塌、滑塌、滑坡、脱落和陷穴等失稳体进行识别,通过统计学、敏感系数方法,利用识别失稳体数据,分析不同类型失稳体空间分布状况,定量研究不同类型失稳体的影响因子敏感程度,揭示不同类型失稳体的主控因子,进一步阐明流域坡体失稳体的空间分布规律和影响坡体稳定性的主控因子。结果表明:(1)利用高精度遥感影像,获取流域失稳体,主要是以小规模和浅层的脱落、崩塌和滑塌为主,三者面积合计为0.417 km²,占流域总面积的5.04%。(2)评价因子内部中,土壤母质的红黏土、土地利用的天然灌木林地和草地、地貌部位的沟坡、坡度＞35°、地形起伏度为0.74~3.34 m是坡体失稳发生的高敏感区域,也是崩塌、滑塌、脱落和陷穴发育共有的敏感区域。(3)影响坡体稳定性主控因子权重由大到小为土壤母质、地形起伏度、坡度、土地利用和坡向。崩塌、滑塌和脱落的主控因子与整体坡体稳定性的主控因子相同,但因子内部权重存在差异。崩塌与整体坡体稳定性影响因子顺序分布一致。滑塌主控因子权重由大到小为土壤母质＞地形起伏度＝坡度＞土地利用＞坡向＞地貌部位。脱落主控因子权重由大到小为土壤母质＞土地利用＞地形起伏度＞坡度＝坡向＞地貌部位。滑坡的主控因子为坡度和地形起伏度。陷穴的主控因子权重由大到小为土壤母质＞地形起伏度＞坡度＞坡向。     

Genetic analysis of vesicular stomatitis virus-New Jersey from the 1995 outbreak in the western United States

OBJECTIVE: To compare molecular associations between the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-New Jersey isolates of the 1995 outbreak with those from previous outbreaks between 1982 and 1985 in the western United States. SAMPLE POPULATION: 23 virus isolates considered representative of the 1995 outbreak of vesicular stomatitis. PROCEDURE: Viral gene coding for surface-envelope protein G was evaluated by use of nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: Changes in up to 0.77% of the nucleotide bases and 1.35% of the amino acids were detected among the 1995 viral isolates, whereas changes in up to 3.2 and 2.9% of the nucleotides and amino acids, respectively, were found, compared with the 1982 to 1985 viruses. Insertions or deletions were not found in the entire gene, which spanned 1,554 nucleotide bases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 1995 VSV-New Jersey belongs to a lineage distinct from that of the 1982 to 1985 viruses that caused previous outbreaks in the western United States. Furthermore, it also is distinct from strains from Central America and from the Georgian Hazelhurst strain.     

锥—46抑制[^3H]次黄嘌呤掺入伊氏锥虫核酸的研究

用液体闪烁计数法对锥—46的抗锥虫作用的机理做了初步研究。发现T-46与Berenil很相似,均可显著抑制[~3H]次黄嘌呤掺入伊氏锥虫,抑制作用与浓度及时间呈正相关。T-46和Berenil对DNA合成的IC_(60)分别为1.33和1.73μg·ml~(-1)。本实验还提示T-46抗锥虫作用可能与损伤DNA模板有关。