Influences of feeding frequency of extruded pellet and moist pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> in suboptimal water temperatures

This study was carried out to investigate the influences of feeding frequency of extruded pellet and moist pellet on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder (initial mean weight 6.3 g) in sub optimal water temperatures. A 2 (diets: extruded pellet and moist pellet)×2 (feeding frequencies: two and three times daily)×2 (water temperatures: 12 and 17°C) factorial design with three replications was used. After 60 days of feeding, the feeding frequency did not significantly affect growth performance of fish. Weight gain, daily feed intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fish reared at the higher water temperature. At the same water temperature, weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fish fed the extruded pellet than moist pellet. The results of this study indicate that feeding frequency of two times daily is sufficient for optimal growth of juvenile flounder when reared in suboptimal water temperatures, and an increase in water temperature from 12 to 17°C improved growth and feed efficiency.     

Thermal stability of carp G-actin monitored by loss of polymerization activity using an extrinsic fluorescent probe

ABSTRACT:   The thermal stability of carp G-actin was investigated by monitoring loss of actin polymerization ability. To determine the amount of native actin remaining after heat treatment, actin was labeled with a fluorescence reagent, N-(1-pyrene)iodoacetamide. The loss of polymerization ability of carp actin during heat treatment, at between 45 and 55°C, occurred faster than that of chicken actin. The inactivation rate was influenced by concentrations of ATP and Ca²⁺ in solution. With the increase of Ca²⁺ concentration, the inactivation of carp actin was markedly suppressed. Furthermore, the activation energy of the inactivation of carp actin obtained from an Arrhenius plot was similar to that of chicken actin. These results indicated that the thermal instability of carp G-actin was due to the low affinites of ATP and Ca²⁺ for carp actin described in a previous report.     

Soil chemical and biochemical properties of a salt-marsh alluvial Spanish area after long-term reclamation

Marisma, one of the largest salt-marsh alluvial areas in SW Spain, has been reclaimed since 1970 by artificial drainage and amendment with phosphogypsum (PG) so as to reduce Na⁺ saturation. Within the reclaimed area, two 250- × 20-m plots were treated as follows: (1) amendment with 25 Mg/ha of PG every 2 to 3 years between 1979 and 2003 (plot PY); (2) like PY but PG treatment stopped after 1997 (plot DR). A contiguous virgin Marisma salt-marsh plot (MV), neither drained nor amended, was the control. In MV, soil microbial biomass C, most enzyme activities and total organic C content were much greater than in PY and DR soils, despite the salinity stress. The decrease in soil organic matter content in PY and DR soils was likely due to cotton-cropping practices, which favoured the organic C mineralisation and nutrients removal by crops. Microbial activity of MV soil, probably stimulated by the rhizodepositions of the natural vegetation, did not suffer from the osmotic effect due to the raising of soil solution ionic strength. Microbial quotient could be ranked as MV > PY > DR, whereas the metabolic quotient had an opposite trend. Thus, both quotients suggested that the interruption of PG amendment was not favouring microbial activity. Principal component analysis clearly identified the chemical and biochemical soil properties mostly affected by the reclamation and also indicated the longer PG amendment in PY plot. Stepwise discriminant analysis identified two physiologically different types of soil microflora, one less active present in the MV virgin soil and another more active present in the reclaimed PY and DR soils.     

流化床生物质快速热裂解试验及生物油分析

在自行研制的一套进料量为5 kg/h流化床上,选用高铝矾土为流化床床料,选择450℃、475℃、500℃和525℃ 四个反应温度对玉米秸秆粉的快速热裂解规律进行了研究,主要考察了不同反应温度对热裂解产物收集率的影响。在热解温度为500℃左右时,生物油收集率具有相对高的数值：37.5%。所得到生物油有两个分层,利用气相色谱－质谱联用仪对各自成分进行了定性分析。     

辣椒素类物质在烤制加工和储藏中的稳定性

为了解辣椒素类物质在烤制加工和储藏过程中的稳定性,该文研究了不同加热温度和时间处理以及不同储藏条件下（常温和冷藏,真空和非真空）,野山椒中辣椒素类物质的含量变化。试验结果表明：烤制加热温度（80～180℃）及其时间（2～16 min）对辣椒素类物质的影响均显著（p<0.01）;不同储藏条件下,随着储藏时间的延长,野山椒中辣椒素类物质的含量均有不同程度下降。9个月后,真空包装冷藏的辣椒粉中辣椒素类物质含量降低了16.44%,非真空包装冷藏的降低了17.00%,真空包装常温储藏的降低了23.58%,非真空包装常温储藏的降低了24.11%,真空包装对其稳定性影响不大,低温更有利于保存辣椒素类物质。     

耕作措施对华北农田CO_2排放影响及水热关系分析

为探讨不同耕作措施对农田土壤呼吸排放的影响及其与土壤温度、水分之间的关系,该研究利用长期定位试验研究翻耕、旋耕、免耕3种耕作措施下冬小麦、夏玉米生育期农田CO2的排放通量及其季节变化规律,并通过农田土壤温度、水分对CO2的排放通量进行回归统计分析.结果表明:不同耕作措施下农田CO2排放通量具有明显的季节排放规律,冬小麦、夏玉米生育期农田CO2排放通量:翻耕>旋耕>免耕,且处理间差异都达到显著或极显著水平.不同耕作措施对农田土壤温度及土壤含水率具有显著的影响,免耕条件下农田各层土壤温度最低,冬小麦季免耕农田土壤水分含量高于其他两处理.各处理条件下农田CO2排放通量与土壤温度具有显著的相关性,其中翻耕处理的CO2排放通量与10 cm土温相关性最高,旋耕和免耕则均与20 cm土温相关性最高.当土壤温度高于10℃时CO2排放通量与5 cm土壤含水率具有显著的相关性,此时土壤水分成为CO2排放的主要影响因素.     

夏玉米冠层温度变化的时滞效应及其对土壤水分监测的影响

考虑冠层温度变化的时滞效应,可能在一定程度上能够提高土壤含水率的监测精度。该研究以灌浆期的夏玉米为研究对象,利用精密红外温度传感器（SI-411）连续监测I1（田间持水量的85%～100%）、I2（田间持水量的70%～85%）和I3（田间持水量的50%～65%）3个不同水分处理下的冠层温度,并同步获取试验地地面净辐射、大气温度、空气相对湿度等环境因子数据,以及不同水分处理小区0～10、0～20、0～30、0～40、0～60 cm不同深度处土壤含水率数据,利用高斯函数拟合冠层温度及环境因子日变化过程以此确定拟合曲线的峰值时刻,通过峰值时间差确定两者之间的时滞关系,并利用多元线性回归分析确定冠层温度的主要影响因素,最后在考虑冠层温度与主要影响因素之间时滞关系的基础上,分析冠层温度变化的时滞效应对监测土壤含水率的影响。结果表明：不同水分处理下的冠层温度峰值具有较大差异,峰值大小依次为I3、I2、I1;I1、I2、I3水分处理的冠层温度峰值时刻分别滞后净辐射约70、70、100 min,超前大气温度和相对湿度约60、60、30 min;冠层温度变化的主要影响因素为大气温度,其次为地面净辐射,最后为相对湿度;考虑时滞效应的冠气温差与土壤含水率的相关性更高,考虑时滞效应的冠气温差对土壤含水率的监测效果有一定提升。研究可为利用作物生理特性提高土壤水分监测精度提供参考。     

不同植物配置模式对人工边坡减流减沙效益的影响

[目的] 探讨不同植物模式（混草、花草、灌草、乔草）及配置比例对生产建设项目人工边坡水土流失的影响,为人工边坡植被恢复提供参考。[方法] 采用径流小区定位观测法,记录2019年1—12月自然降雨,研究4种植物模式的产流产沙特点,揭示4种植物模式的减流减沙效益。[结果] ①观测期内总降雨量为1 052.73 mm,总降雨历时为845.1 h,7月降雨量最大,2月降雨历时最长,降雨集中在1—7月,以中雨、大雨、暴雨为主。②每场降雨产流差异大,产流月季差异大,集中在2—4月及7月,多发生在中雨、大雨和暴雨情况。③每场降雨及月、季降雨之间产沙差异大,3月产沙最大,产沙集中在2—4月及7月,多发生中雨、大雨和暴雨。④以花草模式为对照,每场降雨条件下灌草模式的减流率最大,乔草模式的减沙率最大,月降雨累计条件下,混草模式减流率最大,乔草模式减沙率最大,不同降雨等级累积和全年累积条件下,乔草模式的减流减沙率最大。[结论] 植被恢复初期,受植被覆盖度差异影响,乔草模式、混草模式的减流减沙率较大,具有较好的固土保持效益。     

基于全卷积神经网络的猪背膘厚快速准确测定

为了有效地弥补猪B超图像人工手绘背膘厚的不足,为生猪育种工作提供更精准和稳定的背膘厚测定新方法。该研究将全卷积神经网络（Fully Convolutional Networks,FCN）模型应用于猪B超图像的背膘分割和背膘厚测定上,开发出一套使用Python调用FCN模型对猪B超图像背膘厚进行自动测定的系统。通过开展验证集验证试验、屠宰比对试验和人员比对试验,发现模型测定结果和标注结果之间差异不显著（P>0.05）,两者相关系数达0.92（P<0.01）;B超标准测定背膘厚和FCN分割测定背膘厚的相关系数达到0.97（P<0.01）;专家组组内标准差为0.17 mm（最小）,行业外组组内标准差为1.67 mm（最大）,而FCN分割结果稳定性强,不受人员因素的影响。因此,该方法可以实现对外种猪B超背膘厚的精准、快速、稳定测量,减少猪场对专业人员的依赖,降低测定人员培训成本,减少工作人员工作量。     

基于注意力机制及多尺度特征融合的番茄叶片缺素图像分类方法

针对番茄早期缺素性状不明显及各生长期特征差异较大所导致的特征区域尺寸不一致、难提取、难辩别等问题,提出了一种基于注意力机制及多尺度特征融合卷积神经网络的番茄叶片缺素图像分类方法（Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Convolutional Neural Networks Based On Atte ntion Mechanism,MSFF-AM-CNNs）。首先根据番茄叶片缺素特点提出了多尺度特征融合结构（Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Module,MSFF Module）;其次在DenseNet基础上,结合浅层网络主要提取纹理、细节特征,深层网络主要提取轮廓、形状特征的特点分别提出具有针对性的特征提取方法,通过不同形式引入注意力机制及多尺度特征融合结构,使全局多尺度信息融合多个特征通道、选择性地强调信息特征并达到对特征精准定位的功能;同时引入Focal Loss函数以减少易分类样本的权重。试验结果表明,MSFF-AM-CNNs的平均召回率、平均F1得分、平均准确率较原模型DenseNet-121均大幅提升,其中缺氮和缺钾叶片的准确率分别提高了8.06和6.14个百分点,召回率分别提高了6.31和5.00个百分点,F1得分分别提高了7.25和5.55个百分点,平均识别准确率可达95.92%,具有较高的识别准确率及广泛的适用性,能够满足番茄叶片缺素图像的高精度分类需求,可为植物叶片缺素识别提供参考。