近44年福建省暴雨的时空分布及对农业生产的影响

通过对福建省66个站近44年的历年降水资料分析,阐述暴雨、大暴雨、特大暴雨的时空分布特点及对农业生产的影响。结果表明福建各类型暴雨主要发生在雨季和夏季,雨季为暴雨的第一高峰期;夏季为大暴雨和特大暴雨第一高峰期;秋冬季和春雨季的各类暴雨出现频率较小;暴雨的地理分布相对均衡,而大、特大暴雨的高发区在沿海地区。各类型暴雨以暴雨为主,但给农业生产造成严重损失的通常是大、特大暴雨。     

黄旗海水环境质量现状评价

在对黄旗海1999年、2000年和2001年水质监测的基础上,选用LogisticCurve(L-C)水环境质量综合评价模型,以等级评价标准和均匀随机数产生建模样本和验证样本,利用实码加速遗传算法求解评价模型,对黄旗海水环境质量的富营养化进行了现状评价,确定了1999年、2000年和2001年黄旗海的富营养化等级。结果表明:黄旗海1999年、2000年和2001年水质的富营养化程度都处于4级富营养和5级极富营养之间,富营养化等级大小依次为:1999年>2001年>2000年。     

棉麦两熟棉纤维强度与铃期气象因子关系研究

研究棉麦两熟棉纤维强度与铃期气象因子关系的结果表明,相对湿度是影响棉麦两熟多类型、棉株多部位铃棉纤维强度的主要气象因子,相对湿度对纤维强度的作用均为负效应,作用大小因棉铃着生部位而异。日照时数对两熟春棉、温度对两熟短季棉棉株上部（７～９果枝）、顶部（１０以上果枝）铃棉纤维强度有重要作用,均为正效应。     

基于改进YOLO v3的自然场景下冬枣果实识别方法

为实现自然场景下冬枣果实的快速、精准识别,考虑到光线变化、枝叶遮挡、果实密集重叠等复杂因素,基于YOLO v3深度卷积神经网络提出了一种基于改进YOLO v3（YOLO v3-SE）的冬枣果实识别方法。YOLO v3-SE模型利用SE Net 的SE Block结构将特征层的特征权重校准为特征权值,强化了有效特征,弱化了低效或无效特征,提高了特征图的表现能力,从而提高了模型识别精度。YOLO v3-SE模型经过训练和比较,选取0.55作为置信度最优阈值用于冬枣果实检测,检测结果准确率P为88.71%、召回率R为83.80%、综合评价指标F为86.19%、平均检测精度为82.01%,与YOLO v3模型相比,F提升了2.38个百分点,mAP提升了4.78个百分点,检测速度无明显差异。为检验改进模型在冬枣园自然场景下的适应性,在光线不足、密集遮挡和冬枣不同成熟期的情况下对冬枣果实图像进行检测,并与YOLO v3模型的检测效果进行对比,结果表明,本文模型召回率提升了2.43~5.08个百分点,F提升了1.75~2.77个百分点,mAP提升了2.38~4.81个百分点,从而验证了本文模型的有效性。     

Effects of Dietary Binders on Survival and Growth Performance of Postlarval Tongue Sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis (Günther)

A 30‐d feeding experiment was conducted in tanks to investigate the effects of four different binders (2% in microdiet) on the survival, growth performance, and specific activity of digestive enzymes in tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, postlarvae (24 d after hatching, with initial average wet weight of 22.4 ± 6.65 mg [mean ± SD]). Five approximately isonitrogenous and isoenergetic microbound diets were formulated with carrageenan (Car), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMS), sodium alginate (SA), and gelatin (Gel) as binders, and a diet with no special binder as a control. A commercial diet (RQ Com., manufactured by Marubeni Nisshin Feed Co., Ltd., Chita, Japan) was used as another tested diet, and Artemia nauplii was used as live prey control. The results showed that the survival of the fish fed SA diet (31.3%) was significantly higher than that of fish fed CMS (21.8%), Car (10.8%), and control (21.8%) diets (P < 0.05), but significantly lower than that of the fish fed the live prey (54.5%) diet (P < 0.05). The results of growth followed the similar pattern as that of survival, although there were no significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR) among fish fed SA, CMS, Gel, the control, and RQ diets (7.2, 6.8, 7.0, 6.9, and 7.3% per day; P > 0.05). However, fish fed Car diet had a significantly lower SGR (5.9% per day) than fish fed other diets. Percentages of secreted amylase in fish fed artificial diets were not significantly different, but fish fed artificial diets had significantly higher (P < 0.05) secreted amylase than live prey group. Percentage of secreted trypsin in fish fed SA diet (54.9%) was relatively higher compared with other binders, and not significantly different from RQ Com. and live prey treatments. However, trypsin in fish fed Car diets (29.3%) was significantly lower than in other groups. Specific activities of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the intestine and AP and leucine aminopeptidase N in brush border membranes in fish fed SA diet (264.6, 1882.8, and 187.2 mU/mg protein) were relatively higher compared with other binders. These results indicate that SA is one of suitable binders compared with carrageenan, CMS, and gelatin in microdiet of postlarval tongue sole.     

Immune Responses and Resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus Induced by Probiotic Bacterium Arthrobacter XE-7 in Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

A 63-d feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic bacterium Arthrobacter XE-7 on immune responses and resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei . The probiotic bacteria were administered orally at four different doses of 0, 10⁶, 10⁸, and 10¹⁰ colony-forming unit (CFU)/g feed for shrimp. On Day 50, the shrimp were challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus by bath. On Days 7, 21, 49, and 63, six shrimp per tank were sampled to take intestine and hemolymph. With increasing dietary supplementation of probiotic bacteria, shrimp mortality decreased from 63.16% (the control) to 55.9% (10⁶ CFU/g feed), 51.75% (10⁸ CFU/g feed), and 51.78% (10¹⁰ CFU/g feed), respectively. Vibrio counts in intestine of shrimp fed probiotic bacterium Arthrobacter XE-7 was generally lower than that in the control shrimp ( P  < 0.05). The probiotic bacteria generally increased the immune parameters in shrimp, that is, total hemocyte counts, percentage phagocytosis, respiratory burst activity, and serum phenoloxidase activity. The results showed that probiotic bacterium Arthrobacter XE-7 can be used as probiotic in shrimp feed.     

小型底栖动物(Meiofauna)研究概况

本文系统的总结了国内外各学者对小型底栖动物在底栖生态系统中的作用的研究概况,认为小型底栖动物是构成底栖小食物网的基本环节。由于它们种类繁多、丰度极大、生活周期短,因而它们的代谢活动直接关系着系统内物质的代谢和营养元素的再生。同时也总结了小型底栖动物丰度、生物量以及各种环境因子对其影响的研究现状,结果表明沉积物粒度参数（中值粒径和粘土百分比含量）和叶绿素a含量是小型底栖动物数量分布的主要影响因子,而影响两大类群线虫和桡足类的环境因子有所不同,同时也对其中的主要类群线虫和桡足类的分类学研究作了介绍;此外对线虫和桡足类的密度比值在环境污染中的应用前景作了展望。     

2016年我国审定的水稻品种及基本特性分析

分析了2016年我国水稻品种的审定情况及通过省级以上审定水稻品种的基本特性.结果表明,2016年我国通过省级以上审定的水稻品种共有492个次(有13个品种通过两个及以上省份审定),其中,籼型常规稻36个、籼型两系杂交稻137个、籼型三系杂交稻166个、粳型常规稻87个、粳型杂交稻25个(其中19个为籼粳杂交稻)、 不育系41个.区试平均产量籼型常规稻为501.36 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产3.86%;籼型两系杂交稻为592.54 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产5.46%;籼型三系杂交稻为552.96 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产5.16%;粳型常规稻为624.94 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产7.48%;粳型杂交稻为651.96 kg/667 m2,比区试对照增产8.91%.品种品质表现是粳稻好于籼稻,常规稻好于杂交稻,优质达标率粳稻为51.79%、籼稻为43.95%,常规稻为56.91%、杂交水稻为41.77%.并列举了一些对单个病害抗性表现较好的品种.     

isopropylstilbene发酵条件优化及其对灰葡萄孢的抑制作用

isopropylstilbene (3, 5-二羟基-4-异丙基二苯乙烯) 是发光杆菌Photohabdus temperata产生的一种二苯乙烯类化合物,具有多种生物活性。为促进isopropylstilbene在农业抗生素领域应用价值的开发,采用固相萃取、柱层析等技术从发光杆菌P. temperata SN 35的发酵液中分离纯化得到1个化合物,通过核磁共振氢谱对其结构进行了确认,并采用高效液相色谱测定了其纯度;通过Plackett-Burman试验和响应面法对发光杆菌SN 35摇瓶发酵培养条件进行了优化,并初步研究了所分离化合物对灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea的离体抑菌活性及对灰霉病的防治效果。结果表明:所分离的化合物为isopropylstilbene,纯度为93%;对发光杆菌SN 35摇瓶发酵培养条件进行优化后,isopropylstilbene的产量是优化前的2.22倍。离体抑菌试验结果表明:isopropylstilbene对灰葡萄孢的菌丝生长具有较好的抑制作用,其EC₅₀值为 (9.17 ± 0.17) μg/mL,但低于对照药剂百菌清[EC₅₀值为 (0.90 ± 0.08) μg/mL];在10 μg/mL下,isopropylstilbene对灰葡萄孢孢子萌发的抑制率为63.01%。活体盆栽试验结果表明,在200 μg/mL下,isopropylstilbene对黄瓜灰霉病的防治效果达92.19%,与百菌清的防效 (97.63%) 相当,对番茄灰霉病的防治效果为72.12%,略低于百菌清 (81.61%)。本研究通过对isopropylstilbene发酵条件的优化,为其工业化生产奠定了理论基础。该化合物对灰霉病具有很好的防治效果,可为天然杀菌剂的研究与开发提供参考。     

建设农业强国背景下数字化转型对农林企业创新效率的影响

为推动农林企业更好地享有数字化转型红利,提升农林企业创新效率并实现农林企业共同富裕的带动作用,以2009—2020年235个A股农林业上市公司面板数据为基础,使用双向固定效应模型,实证分析了数字化转型对农林企业创新效率的影响。研究表明：1）数字化转型与农林企业创新效率之间存在显著的倒U型影响,适度水平的数字化有利于创新效率提升,超过一定临界点后,数字化水平的提高负向影响创新效率;2）数字化转型通过倒U型曲线效应影响企业风险承担水平,进而影响了创新效率,促成了数字化转型与创新效率之间的倒U型关系;3）企业高管的学术经历负向调节农林企业数字化转型与创新效率之间的倒U型关系。基于上述结论,不仅企业和高管团队要发挥能动作用,而且政府要加快农业新型基础设施和标准体系建设、加强政策针对性、完善数字化转型公共服务平台,加快农业现代化助推农业强国建设的步伐。