姑婆山国家森林公园景观格局变化分析

根据姑婆山国家森林公园1999年和2009年森林调查资料,在ArcGIS和Fragstas 3.3的支持下对姑婆山国家森林公园景观格局动态变化进行研究。结果表明：研究期间,研究区主要景观类型没有变化,阔叶树、灌木林、杉木林3种主要景观类型面积占总面积的比例由80.44%提高到94.51%;景观基质均为阔叶林,占总面积比例由63.63%提高到75.82%;总斑块数量由301块下降到174块;平均形状指数呈下降趋势;多样指数由1.233下降到0.862;优势度指数则由0.846升高至1.217。总体表现为针叶林向针阔混交林,进而向阔叶林演替,景观趋向连续和稳定。     

麦季农田流失养分植物拦截技术体系研究

本研究在农田排水沟渠末端增设农田生态塘,对麦季农田流失水体进行贮留,并通过在生态塘配置养分拦截植物进行养分富集研究,旨在为减轻我国农业面源污染提供技术支撑。小麦季农田设置农民习惯施肥（NN）和优化施肥（EN） 2个施肥水平;生态塘种植水芹菜和黑麦草2种拦截植物。结果表明：试验年度麦季农田共发生8次地表径流,麦季农田总地表径流水量为1 119.0 m³·hm^-2。NN处理农田地表径流水体总N、总P、总K流失量分别为4.5、0.5、4.0 kg·hm^-2,采用优化施肥能够减少农田地表径流养分流失量,EN处理总N、总P、总K流失量分别为3.9、0.4、3.8 kg·hm^-2。本研究灌排单元农田面积为5.2 hm²,小麦季其农田地表径流水体总N、总P、总K流失量分别为23.3、2.4、20.8 kg,生态塘中水芹菜和黑麦草拦截农田N、P、K流失量分别为18.0、1.9、22.0 kg,植物养分拦截量占本灌排单元农田地表径流水体养分流失的77.3%、79.2%、105.8%。经折算,生态塘与农田的面积比例以1∶43~50为宜。研究表明,在太湖地区小麦田排水沟渠末端设置生态塘,并配置水芹菜和黑麦草2种养分富集植物,可拦截麦田地表径流氮磷养分超75%,有效减轻农业面源污染。     

Determining the bioavailability of contaminants and assessing the quality of sediments

Background, Aims and Scope  

Our study determined if and when an avoidance or attraction behavioural response would be displayed by Ilyanassa obsoleta when presented with a choice between harbour and reference sediments. Our goal was to develop a non-lethal approach that could be used in future assessments of the environmental quality of field sediments.     

不同甜菜单胚细胞质雄性不育系与保持系的遗传多样性分析

利用35对SSR引物分析40对不同的甜菜单胚细胞质雄性不育系与保持系的遗传多样性。结果表明：每对引物扩增得到的条带数在2～12之间,有效等位基因数(Ne)、Shannon’s信息指数(I)、Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)的平均值分别为2.306、0.891和0.519。采用类平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类分析并计算遗传距离。聚类结果显示,除供试材料22与其他材料的遗传距离较大,亲缘关系较远,单独为一类群;其余的供试甜菜品系可分为4个类群;共有14对甜菜单胚细胞质雄性不育系与保持系完全聚合在一起,说明经过回交后,不育系和保持系的细胞核基因组之间几乎达到一致,纯度较高,今后可以直接应用于甜菜育种中;另有26对纯度较低,遗传距离较大,还需要继续进行回交至纯合。80份供试材料的遗传距离最大为0.462,最小为0.120。14对聚合在一起的原配组中的不育系之间遗传距离各不相同,今后可选择14对中遗传距离较大的不育系和其异型保持系配制二元不育系,用于杂交种中的母本。加大培育出甜菜新品种的可能性,同时减少了育种工作中的盲目性,有效的提高了甜菜育种效率。     

Integrated disease management of ascochyta blight in pulse crops

Ascochyta blight causes significant yield loss in pulse crops worldwide. Integrated disease management is essential to take advantage of cultivars with partial resistance to this disease. The most effective practices, established by decades of research, use a combination of disease-free seed, destruction or avoidance of inoculum sources, manipulation of sowing dates, seed and foliar fungicides, and cultivars with improved resistance. An understanding of the pathosystems and the inter-relationship between host, pathogen and the environment is essential to be able to make correct decisions for disease control without compromising the agronomic or economic ideal. For individual pathosystems, some components of the integrated management principles may need to be given greater consideration than others. For instance, destruction of infested residue may be incompatible with no or minimum tillage practices, or rotation intervals may need to be extended in environments that slow the speed of residue decomposition. For ascochyta-susceptible chickpeas the use of disease-free seed, or seed treatments, is crucial as seed-borne infection is highly effective as primary inoculum and epidemics develop rapidly from foci in favourable conditions. Implemented fungicide strategies differ according to cultivar resistance and the control efficacy of fungicides, and the effectiveness of genetic resistance varies according to seasonal conditions. Studies are being undertaken to develop advanced decision support tools to assist growers in making more informed decisions regarding fungicide and agronomic practices for disease control.     

番茄资源材料的品质分析

观测分析了12份引进番茄新材料的主要品质指标。结果表明,材料间可溶性固形物含量、总酸度、番茄红素含量、VC含量差异明显,T31果实的番茄红素含量达到加工番茄标准;材料间外观品质在果面、果脐、生长习性上差异较小。综合表现较好的是PI120256、PI174263和T31,最差的是SnowWhite。GoldenRoma、VitaGold、HighCaroteneTM928、Sapho、HealthKick的利用价值有待进一步研究。     

Effects of dietary protein to carbohydrate ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Siluriformes, Bagridae, Pelteobagrus)

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein to carbohydrate ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco . Nine diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (30%, 36% and 42%), each with three carbohydrate levels (24%, 30% and 36%). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 20 fish (initial mean body weight: 8.24±0.20 g) in indoor flow – through fibreglass tanks. The experiment continued for 8 weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate were similar for the fish fed the 36% and 42% protein diets but higher than that fed the 30% protein diet. At the 36% protein level, carbohydrate contents varying from 24% to 36% ( P / E ratio of 24.0–28.2 mg protein kJ⁻¹) had no significant effects on growth performance and feed utilization ( P >0.05). Protein efficiency ratio tended to increase with dietary carbohydrate level at the same protein level. Dietary treatments significantly influenced body composition ( P <0.05), but not the condition factor, viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratio ( P >0.05). Based on these observations, 36% protein and 24–36% carbohydrate with the P / E ratio of 24.0–28.2 mg protein kJ⁻¹ seemed suitable for optimal growth and feed utilization, and carbohydrate could cause protein-sparing effect in diets for juvenile yellow catfish.     

高压气动比例减压阀设计与仿真

提出一种高压气动比例减压阀,该阀由比例电磁铁控制的二位三通型滑阀式先导阀和活塞提升式主阀组成,通过压力传感器和控制器构成闭环电反馈控制,最高工作压力为31.5 MPa。该阀虽然存在少量先导耗气,但保证了压力调整的快速性和稳定性,克服了先导泄漏对减压阀的影响,避免了先导阀意外结冰的发生。在介绍结构及工作原理的基础上分析了该减压阀的特点,利用AMESim建立了考虑气源压力和负载流量波动的仿真模型。仿真结果表明:该阀在气源压力缓慢下降且负载流量大范围波动的情况下能实现稳定的压力输出,在不改变控制参数的前提下,当气源压力为31.5 MPa时输出压力可在1~30 MPa范围内稳定;先导阀预开口形式对压力精度影响较小,但应避免正开口以减少气体浪费;先导阀环形间隙高度控制在10μm左右较为合适。     

追踪不可压缩两相流相界面的CLSVOF方法

根据CLSVOF方法的基本思想,将VOF和Level Set两种方法结合起来,用于追踪不可压缩两相流相界面的计算.通过对经典的两相流流动问题的计算,研究了CLSVOF方法对对流输运方程和动量输运方程计算精度的影响,并与VOF方法和Level Set方法进行了对比.研究结果表明:求解对流输运方程时,CLSVOF方法的计算精度明显高于Level Set方法;求解动量输运方程时,CLSVOF方法产生的虚假速度接近于0,基本克服了利用VOF方法求解动量输运方程时的虚假速度势问题.     

不同地面结构育肥猪舍的恶臭排放影响因素分析

研究了冷、暖季节下生物发酵床、水泥实心、全缝隙3种不同地面结构的机械通风育肥猪舍的恶臭浓度、排放系数及地面结构、舍内温湿度、猪体重对恶臭浓度的影响.研究表明:猪舍的恶臭浓度与舍内温度、猪体重呈显著正相关(p＜0.05),恶臭浓度与相对湿度无显著相关性(p＞0.1);地面结构不同,恶臭浓度存在显著差异(p＜0.05);生物发酵床猪舍有助于恶臭减排,恶臭浓度最低,水泥实心地面猪舍的恶臭浓度最高,全缝隙地面猪舍的恶臭浓度居中;生物发酵床、全缝隙、水泥实心地面育肥猪舍的恶臭排放系数分别为(3.39±3.33)、(3.70±1.31)、(4.33±2.39) OU/(m2·s).