不同嫁接方法对4种板栗幼树内源激素及光合特性的影响

[目的]明确倒置嫁接方法在南方地区的应用效果及北方板栗品种在南方引种的适应性,为板栗资源利用及大树换冠技术提供参考.[方法]以燕丽、燕龙、燕紫和迁西42号4个北方板栗品种穗条为试材,采用正置嫁接和倒置嫁接两种嫁接方式,研究板栗幼树叶片吲哚乙酸(Indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)、赤霉素(Gibberellins,GA3)、玉米素核苷(Trans-Zeatin-riboside,ZR)和脱落酸(Abscisic acid,ABA)等内源激素含量及其比例,以及净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE)等光合特征变化规律及相关性.[结果]倒置嫁接下板栗叶片生长型指标IAA含量和IAA/ABA低于正置嫁接,其中燕丽、燕龙、燕紫和迁西42号4个板栗品种倒置嫁接叶片的IAA含量分别比正置嫁接显著低57.35%、22.67%、7.55%和43.47%(P<0.05,下同),IAA/ABA分别比正置嫁接低22.61%、19.00%、25.70%和26.47%.除燕紫外,其他板栗品种的叶片ABA含量也表现为倒置嫁接低于正置嫁接,燕丽和迁西42号倒置嫁接叶片ABA含量分别比正置嫁接低44.97%和23.20%.ZR含量与ABA含量相似,除燕紫外其他品种均表现为倒置嫁接低于正置嫁指,燕丽和燕龙倒置嫁接叶片ZR含量分别比正置嫁接低33.14%和24.20%.叶片Pn、Gs、Tr和WUE在倒置嫁接下均低于正置嫁接,且与生长型内源激素含量及平衡值呈显著正相关.GA3含量受到嫁接方法单因素影响较小,受品种特性和交互作用影响极显著(P<0.01).采用主成分分析法分析4个板栗品种生长势和适应性,综合评分排序为燕龙>燕丽>迁西42号>燕紫.[结论]倒置嫁接使板栗枝条生长势放缓,对抑制徒长有一定的作用.燕龙和燕丽嫁接后树体营养生长较快,且在南方气候环境种植适应性较好,而迁西42号和燕紫生长势相对较弱.     

菌株Trametes hirsuta zlh237发酵液对污染土壤中多环芳烃的降解及群落结构分析

[目的]利用中国科学院微生物研究所真菌学国家重点实验室分离获得的菌株Trametes hirsuta zlh237,研究生物强化(接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液)对污染土壤中3种多环芳烃(PAHs)[Phenanthrene、Pyrene和Benzo[a]pyrene(BaP)]的降解效果,为该菌株在PAHs污染土壤中的应用提供科学依据.[方法]采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测7个处理土壤(接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液的Phenanthrene、Pyrene和BaP污染土壤分别标记为PheBA、PyrBA和BaPBA,接种灭菌发酵液的污染土壤分别标记为Phe、Pyr和BaP,原始土壤标记为CK)中3种PAHs含量,利用ABTS法检测土壤中漆酶活性,并运用高通量测序技术分析修复后土壤中细菌群落结构的变化.[结果]菌株T.hirsuta zlh237在3种PAHs污染土壤中均能生长,接种菌株发酵液15 d后,3种PAHs均有一定降解,其中BaP降解效果最佳,降解率达33.99%;且菌株T.hirsuta zlh237在3种污染土壤中均能分泌漆酶.高通量测序Alpha多样性指数分析结果表明,污染土壤接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液后,Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著增加(P<0.05),不同处理土壤样品的Chao1指数和Shannon指数排序均为:PheBA>PyrBA>BaPBA>CK>Phe>Pyr>BaP.Beta多样性的主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液能改变污染土壤细菌群落结构组成;在门分类水平上,污染土壤样品中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势门;在属分类水平上,接种菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液的污染土壤样品中鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)为优势菌属,接种灭菌发酵液的污染土壤Phe和Pyr样品中苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium)为优势菌属,而BaP样品中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)为优势菌属.[结论]菌株T.hirsuta zlh237发酵液在PAHs污染土壤中能分泌漆酶,对3种PAHs均有一定的降解效果,且能改变污染土壤细菌群落结构组成,在一定程度上对PAHs污染土壤有较好的修复效果.     

不同缓释肥对油菜品种黔油早2号生长发育及产量的影响

[目的]筛选适合杂交油菜黔油早2号一次性施肥及撒播的缓释肥种类及经济用量,为该品种大面积轻简化栽培应用提供技术支撑.[方法]采用随机区组设计,以市售的5种缓释肥料及普通氮磷钾复混肥(CCF)为研究对象,设单施及混施等11个施肥处理,以空白施肥为对照,测定并分析各处理油菜在稻田和旱地环境下叶片叶绿素含量、生物产量及籽粒产量的差异,筛选最适缓释肥.另以油菜专用缓释复合肥为对照,设3个施肥水平进行最适缓释肥经济用量研究.[结果]随着生育进程的推进,稻田环境下,空白对照、宜施壮油菜专用缓释复合肥(YSZ)、沃夫特缓释掺控肥(WFT)和鲁西硫酸钾控失肥(LX)单施处理的叶片SPAD值呈先升后降的变化趋势,CCF单施及洲际核金刚有机无机控释缓释复合肥(HJG)+CCF、WFT+CCF、LX+CCF混施处理的叶片SPAD值逐步升高;旱地环境下,除HJG单施和WFT+CCF混施处理外,其余各处理叶片SPAD值均呈上升趋势;但两种环境下播种后60、90和120 d时,各处理的SPAD值差异均不显著(P>0.05,下同).各处理生物产量,地上部鲜重除旱地播种后60 d外,其他时期处理间差异均达显著水平(P<0.05,下同);地上部干重除稻田播种后90 d差异不显著外,其他时期处理间的差异均达显著水平;播种后90和120 d,不同处理间地下部鲜重差异显著,地下部干重差异均不显著.缓释肥及其施用方式在两种环境下对油菜产量影响显著.其中,稻田LX单施、WFT单施和HJG+CCF混施处理的产量较高,分别达3073.20、2863.05和2791.35 kg/ha;旱地LX+CCF、WFT+CCF和ZS+CCF混施处理的产量较高,分别达3890.25、3713.55和3525.15 kg/ha;综合两种环境,LX单施、WFT+CCF混施和WFT单施处理的产量较高.WFT在高和中等施肥水平下,黔油早2号产量均较同一水平下的其他缓释肥处理高,且环境变异度小.其中,在高施肥水平下,较对照YSZ处理增产150.15 kg/ha,增幅8.57%;较LX处理增产169.35 kg/ha,增幅9.77%.2016—2018年分别实施的2.67和37.33 ha一次性施肥撒播示范结果显示,WFT用量为750 kg/ha时,黔油早2号平均产量分别达2554.20和2350.20 kg/ha.[结论]在贵州省金沙县及具有相似气候及土壤条件的地区,黔油早2号一次性施肥撒播栽培最适合的缓释肥为沃夫特缓释掺控肥(N-P2O5-K2O=22-10-10),施用量约为767.10 kg/ha.     

漯河地区小麦冻害发生原因及对策

小麦生长发育受冻害影响,而不良的环境条件严重危害小麦成长。冻害主要是指因温差骤降且时间过长影响小麦成长的情况。漯河地区冬季小麦冻害情况极为严重,而二类、三类麦田屡见不鲜,冬季冻害会造成极为严重的经济损失,只有针对其实际情况进行深入分析,并采取有效举措予以应对,即能够保证漯河地区小麦的稳定产量。     

Phenolic extract of Morchella angusticeps peck inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in vitro by inducing the signal transduction pathway of p38/MAPK

Morchella angusticeps Peck, one of the most popular edible mushrooms, has attracted great attention due to its delicious taste and healthy properties. However, both its biological effects and the possible mechanism of action have not yet been known. We investigated the anti-proliferative activity of the phenolic extract derived from Morchella angusticeps Peck (MPE) against HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Results showed that MPE at non-cytotoxicity doses significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner with inhibitory rates ranging from 18 to 90% (P<0.01). The possible mechanism might be that MPE induced apoptosis through initiating the mitochondrial death pathway by regulating Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3. On the other hand, MPE might trigger cell cycle arrest at G₀/G₁/S phases by managing p21, Cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinases-4 (CDK4) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Additionally, MPE downregulated TRAF-2 and p-p53, while upregulated p-ASK1 and p-p38. Therefore, it could be inferred that MPE might induce the anti-proliferative function to HepG2 cells through the p38/MAPK signal transduction pathway.     

Genomic characteristics of Dickeya fangzhongdai isolates from pear and the function of type IV pili in the chromosome

Dickeya fangzhongdai, the causal agent of bleeding canker of pear, is a new member of the Dickeya genus and the only one that infects woody plants. Recent studies have reclassified several Dickeya isolates as D. fangzhongdai, which were isolated from various environments, including water, Phalaenopsis sp. and Aglaonema sp. To provide genomic characterization of D. fangzhongdai isolates from pear, the genomes of D. fangzhongdai strain JS5 (=China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, CGMCC 1.15464^T=DSM 101947^T), along with two other isolates, LN1 and QZH3, were sequenced and compared to those of other Dickeya spp. Homology greater than 99% was observed among three D. fangzhongdai strains. Plasmid, type IV secretion system (T4SS) and type IV pili (TFPs) were found in genomes of D. fangzhongdai isolates. Comparative analysis of the type III secretion systems (T3SS), type III secretion effectors (T3SE), plant cell wall degradation enzymes (PCWDE) and membrane transport proteins of Dickeya spp. showed some differences which might reflect the variations of virulence, phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics of Dickeya spp. In addition, deletion mutant of TFP in D. fangzhongdai JS5 showed no twitching motility and reduced virulence and biofilm formation. The fingdings of the distinctive plasmid, T4SS and TFPs, as well as the differences of T3SE, PCWDE and membrane transport proteins make D. fangzhongdai isolates unique. These results also suggested that acquisition of virulence genes by horizontal gene transfer might play some role in the genetic variation of D. fangzhongdai.     

Application of imidacloprid controlled-release granules to enhance the utilization rate and control wheat aphid on winter wheat

During winter wheat production, aphids need to be controlled with pesticides for the entire growth period. Controlled-release technology has been regarded as an alternative method for the improvement of pesticide efficiency. This study investigated two types of imidacloprid controlled-release granule (CR-GR): 2% imidacloprid CR-GR and 0.2% imidacloprid pesticide-fertilizer controlled-release granule (PF-CR-GR) when wheat was sown in winter. The release performance, utilization rate, terminal residues in edible parts, control effect on aphids, and achieved winter wheat yield were evaluated for both laboratory experiments and field application. Imidacloprid PF-CR-GR released more quickly in aqueous medium than CR-GR because of its good water solubility. After CR-GR treatments, the concentrations in wheat roots and soil were similar throughout the entire sampling period, and the concentrations in shoots were about 10–20% of those in roots. Imidacloprid was better absorbed when CR-GR was used as root treatment, compared with foliar treatment. Field application showed that imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR controlled aphids throughout the entire growth period of winter wheat and improved the wheat yield. These findings identified application of imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR on winter wheat as an effective way to enhance the pesticide utilization rate and ensure adequate yield. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the scientific use of pesticides and guides scientific pesticide application.     

土壤因子与小粒咖啡品质产量形成关系研究

土壤因子是影响小粒咖啡品质产量的主要因子。本研究通过对土壤因子进行相关性分析、改进的灰色关联分析、通径分析及多元线性回归分析,明确影响小粒咖啡品质和产量的主要因子,以指导科学施肥。结果表明:小粒咖啡咖啡因含量的土壤决定因子为海拔（-0.296^*）,总糖含量的土壤决定因子为有机质（0.607^**）和速效磷（-0.232^*）,蛋白质的土壤决定因子为pH（-0.387^**）和有机质（0.227^*）,灰分含量的土壤决定因子为速效磷（0.334^**）,水溶性浸出物含量的土壤决定因子为海拔（-0.494^**）,脂肪含量的土壤决定因子为碱解氮（-0.461^**）,产量的土壤决定因子为速效钾（0.339^**）和有机质（0.248^*）。研究结果可为小粒咖啡优质高产的土壤条件筛选和肥料的减施增效提供一定的理论基础,以期增强优质咖啡种质的适宜性和目的性。