Can diphenhydramine prevent organophosphate-induced acute pancreatitis? An experimental study in rats

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a well known complication of organophosphate (OP) poisoning and the true incidence is unknown; but, may be more common than clinically suspected. Previous studies suggest that Diphenhydramine (DPH) may be useful as an alternative or adjunctive therapy in OP poisoning. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate whether DPH could prevent or diminish pancreatic damage caused by OP poisoning as defined by histologic findings, and serum interleukin 10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels. Twenty-four Sprague- Dawley rats were divided into equal three groups. Group 1 did not receive any agent during the experiment. Group 2 received 0.8 g/kg fenthion subcutaneously followed by 3 ml/kg normal saline intramuscularly, 30 min later. Group 3 received 0.8 g/kg fenthion subcutaneously, followed by 30 mg/kg DPH intramuscularly, 30 min later. Twenty-four hours later, pancreatic tissues were excised and blood samples were taken. After blood samples were taken by cardiac puncture, the animals were sacrificed. Treatment with DPH significantly decreased the serum TNF-α and increased the serum IL-10 levels. DPH significantly reduced pancreatic damage, including edema, inflammation, vacuolization and necrosis, as determined by pathologic scoring. The present study show that DPH decreased the severity of OP induced AP in rats. This effects may be related to a decrease of TNF-α level and increase of IL-10 level.     

摘叶和喷施外源过氧化氢对库尔勒香梨粗皮果形成的影响

【目的】研究库尔勒香梨上可能诱导粗皮果形成的胁迫因子。【方法】基于分析库尔勒香梨粗皮果形成的基础上,对生长期的库尔勒香梨枝条采用50%程度地摘叶、外源喷施250 mmol/L的H₂O₂2种人为逆境处理,在成熟期统计处理枝条上粗皮果率,对不同处理的果实进行组织切片染色,检测生理指标。【结果】库尔勒香梨成熟期对照组的粗皮果比率为18.10%,H₂O₂喷施和摘叶处理的粗皮果率分别为51.93%、29.52%;3组果实中果皮中的木质素含量分别为3.4%、4.9%、3.9%,果肉中的木质素含量分别为1.5%、1.7%、2.0%,2个处理组均提高了库尔勒香梨的粗皮果率以及果实中的木质素含量。H₂O₂喷施后外果皮的丙二醛(MDA)和活性氧(H₂O₂和O^-₂)含量显著增加,分别为对照的1.7和2.9倍。与之相应,库尔勒香梨果皮可溶性糖、淀粉等渗透调节物质含量也显著增加,分别为对照的1....     

Dantrolene may prevent organophosphate-induced oxidative stress and muscle injury

The effects of dantrolene against fenthion-induced oxidative stress and muscle injury were investigated in rats. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) ascorbic acid, retinol and β-carotene levels in blood were measured. Histopathological alterations and apoptosis in diaphragm were examined. Fenthion increased the level of MDA and decreased the levels of GSH in blood. Dantrolene administration prevented the rise in MDA levels and increased the GSH levels. There was no significant difference between β-carotene levels of experimental groups. However, fenthion toxicity led to decrease in ascorbic acid and retinol levels, dantrolene administration significantly prevented this decrease. Dantrolene significantly decreased the inflammation, edema and muscle necrosis or apoptosis in diaphragm muscle. Results of present study showed that toxicity of organophosphate compound fenthion increases the lipid peroxidation and depresses endogenous antioxidative systems, and leads to muscle injury in organism. Again, dantrolene administration prevents lipid peroxidation, augments antioxidant activity, and decreases muscle injury and apoptosis.     

Chemical composition and <Emphasis Type="Italic">in sacco</Emphasis> degradability of four varieties of cassava leaves grown in Southwestern Nigeria in the rumen of sheep

The nutritive value of leaves of four varieties of cassava (MS 6, TMS 30555, Idileruwa and TMS 30572) were studied through analysis of their chemical components and degradability of their dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in the rumen of sheep. Results of the chemical analyses showed that the leaves of the four varieties contained different proportions of organic matter which was significantly (P < 0.05) highest in TMS 30572 with value of 935 g/kg DM, while CP (gramme per kilogramme DM) was significantly highest in TMS 30555 (240), followed by MS 6 (235), TMS 30572 (208) and least in Idileruwa (177). Mean metabolisable energy (megajoules per kilogramme DM) was significantly (P < 0.05) highest in TMS 30572 (8.2) and similar with Idileruwa (8.0) but different from TMS 30555 and MS 6, respectively (7.8 and 7.6). The mineral contents (gramme per kilogramme DM) showed that leaves of MS 6 and Idileruwa had the highest concentrations of K (2.86) and a significantly lowest value (1.83) in TMS 30555. Also, the highest concentration of Ca and Fe (6.81 and 6.23) was recorded in MS 6. The highest Ca:P of 3.20 was obtained in TMS 30555. DM degradation characteristics and effective degradability varied significantly (P < 0.05) and were consistently highest in TMS 30572. The washing loss (a) ranged from 15.9% in MS 6 to 21.3% in TMS 30572. TMS 30572 tended to have higher (P = 0.546) insoluble but fermentable fraction (b) than all other varieties. Moreover, the potential degradability (a + b) tended to be higher (P = 0.041) in TMS 30572 (69.5%) followed by TMS 30555 (67.1%) and the lowest was in Idileruwa (42.7%). The highest effective degradability was recorded in TMS 30572 (63.9%) and the lowest in Idileruwa (40.7%). The degradation rate constants (c) of Idileruwa was significantly higher (P = 0.001) than those of MS6, TMS 30555 and TMS 30572. The results generally indicated that the leaves could be ranked for their potential feeding value as TMS 30572 (71.5%) > MS6 (65.8%) > Idileruwa (63.0%) > TMS 30555 (50.4%). It is therefore concluded from this study that leaves of TMS 30572 and MS 6 have good potential as feed resources for ruminant animals and could be used in ruminant feeding as protein source ingredient.     

Characterization ofRhizoctonia solani isolates from potatoes in turkey and screening potato cultivars for resistance to AG-3 isolates

A total of 304Rhizoctonia solani isolates and 60 binucleateRhizoctonia-like fungi were recovered from stems and tubers of infected potato plants over a 2-yr period in northeast Turkey.R. solani isolates were identified to 11 anastomosis groups (AGs): AG-1 (0.66%), AG-2-1 (5.6%), AG-2-2 (0.99%), AG-3 (83.9%), AG-5 (4.6%), AG-6 (0.66%), AG-8 (1.32%), AG-9 (0.33%), AG-10 (1.32%), AG-12 (0.33%), and AG-13 (0.33%). In the greenhouse tests, most of the AG-3 isolates were significantly more virulent than isolates belonging to other AGs on potato cv. Batum. Isolates of other anastomosis groups differed in their virulence. Results indicated that AG-3 is an important pathogen on potatoes grown in the study area. Five of 22 commercial and local potato cultivars evaluated for their reaction toR. solani AG-3 isolates (TP-2) under greenhouse conditions were highly resistant; the remaining cultivars exhibited different levels of susceptibility to the pathogen isolate. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2005.     

An Alternative Sucker Management Method in Hazelnut: Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer Solution

The goal of this study was to determine the usability of nitrogen solution for hazelnut sucker management. This study was carried out from 2015 to 2016?at two hazelnut orchards; one established with the shrub (ocak) system in Atakum district and the other established with the multi-stemmed system in the Carsamba district, both in Samsun province. For sucker management, 21% ammonium sulphate (AS) and 26% calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) fertilizer solutions were used. Doses of 0, 10, 15 and 20% of solutions for both fertilizers were tested. In the study, hazelnut suckers were removed by knife in July 2015 and March 2016. Nitrogen solution applications were started in September 2015 when suckers reached 20–30?cm length. In 2016 four applications were made from April to August. Fifteen days after the applications, the wilting ratio (starting from the tip) and newly emerged suckers per bush were determined. Nitrate, pH, and EC analyses were made with soil samples collected at the beginning of the experiment and compared to those taken 15 days after each application. As a result, a 10% dose of 21% ammonium sulphate fertilizer gave the best results for hazelnut sucker management. Nitrogen solution application should be started 1 to 1.5 months after removal of suckers by cutting with a knife. Suckers should be removed when they reach 15–20?cm length and before they are lignified. For effective sucker management, nitrogen solution application should be applied at least three times in a year.

     

尼日利亚稻田养鱼加灯光诱虫应用效果分析

在尼日利亚科基州进行不同沟凼的稻田养鱼加灯光诱虫应用研究，其沟凼模式分围沟和十字沟，灯光以煤油灯代替电灯，鱼稻品种均为当地常见品种。结果表明，开挖占稻田面积10％～15％不同类型的鱼沟或鱼坑，其投入成本相同，鱼稻产量相近，均比单纯稻田收入增加3．5～4．5倍。示范成果还进一步验证了以往在尼日利亚进行的灯光诱虫试验结论，即在稻田养鱼中增加灯光诱虫，能够将有害昆虫变为鱼的全价饲料，减少稻田的病虫害，鱼、稻分别增产14％和9．5％，达到经济效益和生态效益双丰收。