添加Silwet 408对3%阿维菌素微乳剂药液表面张力和接触角及其对两种害虫作用效果的影响

通过室内测定和田间防治试验,研究了在3%阿维菌素微乳剂中添加不同量的有机硅表面活性剂Silwet 408后,对药液的表面张力及在苹果叶片上接触角的影响,以及添加助剂后药剂对苹果红蜘蛛Panonychus ulmi和苹果绣线菊蚜Aphis citricola毒力及防效的变化。结果表明:Silwet 408能有效降低3%阿维菌素微乳剂药液的表面张力及其在苹果叶片上的接触角,且在试验添加量(质量分数)3%~10%范围内,表面张力和接触角均随助剂添加量的增加而不断降低。生物测定结果表明:添加Silwet 408可显著提高3%阿维菌素微乳剂对苹果红蜘蛛的毒力及田间防效,但对苹果绣线菊蚜的毒力和田间防效则无明显影响。研究表明,在杀虫剂中添加增效助剂以提高药效时,除了需考察该助剂能否显著降低药液的表面张力及在靶标上的接触角外,害虫种类也是需考虑的因素之一。     

Cross‐resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B‐biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

BACKGROUND: B‐biotype Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has invaded China over the past two decades. To understand the risks and to determine possible mechanisms of resistance to thiamethoxam in B. tabaci, a resistant strain was selected in the laboratory. Cross‐resistance and the biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance were investigated in the present study. RESULTS: A 66.3‐fold thiamethoxam‐resistant B. tabaci strain (TH‐R) was established after selection for 36 generations. Compared with the susceptible strain (TH‐S), the selected TH‐R strain showed obvious cross‐resistance to imidacloprid (47.3‐fold), acetamiprid (35.8‐fold), nitenpyram (9.99‐fold), abamectin (5.33‐fold) and carbosulfan (4.43‐fold). No cross‐resistance to fipronil, chlorpyrifos or deltamethrin was seen. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) exhibited significant synergism on thiamethoxam effects in the TH‐R strain (3.14‐ and 2.37‐fold respectively). However, diethyl maleate (DEM) did not act synergistically with thiamethoxam. Biochemical assays showed that cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities increased 1.21‐ and 1.68‐fold respectively, and carboxylesterase activity increased 2.96‐fold in the TH‐R strain. However, no difference was observed for glutathione S‐transferase between the two strains. CONCLUSION: B‐biotype B. tabaci develops resistance to thiamethoxam. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and carboxylesterase appear to be responsible for the resistance. Reasonable resistance management that avoids the use of cross‐resistance insecticides may delay the development of resistance to thiamethoxam in this species. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

五叶草莓与凤梨草莓种间杂交F_1代的形态学及SSR标记鉴定

运用传统杂交方法,以五叶草莓为母本、凤梨草莓品种‘达赛莱克特’为父本进行远缘杂交,获得了11个F1代株系,利用形态学性状与分子标记相结合进行种间杂种鉴定。对父母本、F1代主要的植物学特征、生物学特性的调查分析结果表明,F1代在叶、花、果实等方面的很多性状不同于父母本,其中大部分介于双亲之间;植株长势明显强于父母本,具有明显的杂种优势。采用草莓属46对SSR引物进行分子鉴定,利用3对引物鉴定出种间杂种。形态学与SSR标记综合鉴定结果表明,全部F1代株系均为五叶草莓与凤梨草莓的种间杂种。     

超声辅助双水相集成提取芒果核多酚工艺优化（英）

为了获得超声辅助双水相集成提取芒果核多酚的最佳条件,该文提出一种超声提取与丙醇-硫酸铵双水相分离体系集成提取芒果核多酚的新方法,利用5水平4因素的星点设计响应面方法研究提取条件对芒果核总多酚提取率的影响。当超声功率为400W、初始温度为45℃,获得的最佳条件是59.7%丙醇浓度,23.4%硫酸铵用量,27.3min超声提取时间和23.0mL/g的液固比,在该条件下,芒果核多酚提取率为6.67%,试验值与最佳预测值(6.82%)相符,超声辅助双水相集成法获得的提取物多酚含量高于常规超声提取法。试验结果说明利用超声辅助双水相集成的方法改善多酚提取是可行性。该研究可为芒果核的利用和植物多酚的提取技术提供参考。     

4个牛群体MSTN基因第1外显子单核苷酸多态性分析

以肌生成抑制素(MSTN)为候选基因,采用PCR-SSCP技术检测了该基因第一外显子在皖东牛、皖南牛、和牛和西门塔尔牛4个群体中的多态性。通过SNP检测,发现MSTN基因外显子1的267碱基发生A→G的同义突变,在所检测牛群中存在3种基因型(AA、GG、AG),A等位基因为优势基因。该位点在4个牛群体中均处于中度多态。卡方检验表明皖东牛、皖南牛和和牛处于哈代-温伯格平衡状态(P0.05),西门塔尔牛处于哈代-温伯格不平衡状态(P0.05)。     

紫茎泽兰处理鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫后差异基因筛选和分析

为获得紫茎泽兰处理鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫后差异基因,将0.5%紫茎泽兰提取液作用于鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊孢子化过程,采用抑制消减杂交技术（SSH）筛选处理后卵囊的差异表达基因,通过GO和COG功能预测分析,并采用实时荧光定量PCR验证差异表达的基因。结果显示,采用SSH成功构建了紫茎泽兰处理前后鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊的cDNA消减文库,获得86条ESTs序列,经拼接和聚类后得到31条独立基因（Unigenes）,其中有23个基因有功能注释,8个基因没有功能注释,另外有4个基因没有同源性匹配。为进一步验证文库的特异性,从中随机选取3个差异表达基因,运用实时荧光定量PCR技术验证表面抗原13、3-羟酰辅酶A脱氢酶和细胞色素P450基因在紫茎泽兰处理前后的表达差异,结果显示,3个基因在经紫茎泽兰处理的鸡球虫孢子化卵囊中的表达量明显低于未处理组,说明紫茎泽兰对柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊具有一定的活性抑制作用。本试验获取了紫茎泽兰作用柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊的主要调控基因,为将紫茎泽兰研发成环境杀虫剂奠定了良好的理论基础,也可为球虫致弱疫苗或基因缺失疫苗的靶标筛选研究提供参考。     

除精浆提高冷冻精液品质的实验研究

采用离心洗涤法去除精浆后,对精液进行冷冻处理。发现：1、除精浆精子冻后的活率、Ⅰ类顶体率和精子畸形率与未除精浆组存在显著差异(P<0.05);2、除精浆使稀释后精液精浆中GOT和LDH活性明显升高(P<0.05)。从平衡后到解冻后各组GOT和LDH活性都呈上升趋势。但除精浆试验组比未除精浆试验组上升缓慢;3、除精浆试验组精子的穿卵率、卵内平均精子数都显著高于未除精浆试验组(P<0.05);4除精浆离心洗涤液用生理盐水和脱脂乳-卵柠液,两者之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

生物钾肥的增产作用及对土壤钾平衡的影响

生物钾肥是指具有高钾低氮磷养分组成的植物的绿色体或秸杆。生物钾肥作用的实质是:植物不断吸收并活化土壤钾,富集土壤和水体中钾,通过以绿色体或秸秆形式归还,促进土壤钾的良性循环和再利用。生物钾肥中钾的溶解度和利用率都较高,其供钾性能类似矿质钾肥。在等钾量下,各种生物钾肥的增产效果和矿质钾肥接近。     

余甘子多糖提取物抗氧化活性研究

利用超声提取-水提醇沉法从余甘子中提取可溶性多糖,多糖提取率达4.61%。提取物中多糖含量为44.62%。考查了余甘子多糖提取物的抗氧化活性,对Fenton反应羟自由基清除作用的IC50为0.38 mg/mL,最大清除率为80.3%,对光照核黄素超氧阴离子自由基清除作用的IC50为0.93 mg/mL,最大清除率为85.9%,对羟自由基诱发卵磷脂脂质过氧化损伤的IC50为0.39 mg/mL,最大抑制率为71.3%。实验结果表明余甘子富含活性多糖,余甘子多糖具有良好的抗氧化作用,最大清除作用与茶多酚相近,具有较好的研究价值。     

Comparison of the bacteriostatic effects of quaternary ammonium compounds and their combinations on a dairy farm environment and the microbial contamination of dairy products

Disinfection is key for controlling microbial contamination and ensuring the safe production of milk and dairy products. In this study, we developed a new disinfection method using quaternary ammonium surfactant N-dodecyl-2-(pyridin-1-yl) acetamide chloride as the main component to form a bactericidal complex with either chlorhexidine acetate or glutaraldehyde, and we evaluated the bactericidal effects, safety, and clinical application value of the compound disinfectants. An in vivo acute oral toxicity assay in mice showed an LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg body weight without abnormality in pathological tissue sections. Comparison with commercially available products also showed that they have outstanding bactericidal effects. Clinical trials proved that the compound disinfectants have excellent bactericidal effects on the air and ground of the dairy farm and on the skin of cattle, especially in a dairy farm environment. Our findings confirm that the new compound disinfectants have excellent bactericidal performance and are safe to use as disinfectants to prevent mastitis and contamination of the cattle farm environment.