果实裂果的原因与防治措施研究进展

果实裂果是果树生产上常见的不良现象,它不仅影响果实的外在品质,也常给果树生产造成重大的经济损失。苹果、桃、油桃、樱桃、玉田柚和葡萄等果树,采前常发生裂果现象,低的裂果率达15%～30%,严重时高达70%～80%。因此,深入了解果实裂果的机制,采取有效的防治措施,对于防止...     

栽培方式及光照条件对叶菜水培效果影响初探

以生菜及小白菜为试材,在简易泡沫槽及管道式水培模式下,探索其水培效果,并进一步在简易管道式水培模式下研究2种光照条件对叶菜生长的影响。结果表明:在同样生长条件下,2种模式水培的叶菜和基质栽培的产量差别并不显著,证实水培生产不影响这2种叶菜的产量;在2种光照条件下,生菜和小白菜都可以正常生长,可以形成一定的商品产量,但相较于200μmol/(m~2·s),100μmol/(m~2·s)光照更适合叶菜的生长,其生长量整体有较大的提升。     

3种组织固定液对大菱鲆肝脏切片质量影响和效果比较

为查明3种组织固定液对大菱鲆肝脏石蜡切片质量的影响,筛选效果最佳的固定液。本实验选用波恩氏(Bouin)、戴维森氏(Davidson)和4%多聚甲醛(Paraformaldehyde, PFA)3种组织固定液,对大菱鲆的肝脏进行固定,制作石蜡切片,通过苏木素-伊红(H-E)和免疫组织化学(Immunohistochemistry)染色,观察组织细胞形态学特征,利用统计学方法分析细胞完整度和免疫组化阳性率情况。结果发现,3种固定液对大菱鲆肝组织石蜡切片固定效果存在显著差异,Bouin固定液组织H-E染色细胞结构清晰、形态完整,Davidson固定液H-E染色组织溶解、细胞结构不清晰,但能分辨出核质界线,4%多聚甲醛组H-E染色鲜艳,但核质分界不清晰。完整肝细胞比例,4%PFA显著低于Bouin和Davidson固定液(P<0.05),且Bouin和Davidson固定液无显著差异(P>0.05)。肝组织增殖细胞核抗原(proliefrating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA)免疫组化染色阳性率3种固定液存在显著差异,Bouin固定液显著高于4%PFA和...     

黑河流域上游水沙变化特征及成因分析

[目的]研究黑河流域上游干流的水沙时空变化特征及其成因,为流域生态保护和水资源开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]选取黑河上游干流主要水文站近60a的实测径流、输沙及降雨资料,通过采用Mann-Kendall秩相关检验法、累积距平法和相关分析法,研究水沙变化特征及驱动因子。[结果]黑河上游干流径流量总体上从20世纪80年代以后呈增加趋势;输沙量从20世纪70年代开始呈不显著增加趋势,但莺落峡水文站输沙量从2001年开始呈显著下降趋势。[结论]降水增加是影响黑河上游径流量增多的重要原因;水土流失导致了札马什克站和祁连站输沙量的增加,而水库拦沙是莺落峡水文站输沙量显著减少的主要原因。     

二氧化氮气相污染物被动采样法的研究

运用基于气体分子扩散理论自制的被动采样器,结合Saltzman法,通过该采样器在室内外进行曝露采样检测NO2的含量.该采样器在空气中曝露24个小时后,测定空气中的NO2浓度可达n×10-3mg/m3,与TH-110C型便携式直流大气采样器测定结果比较,误差在30%以内.     

2012年农业机械科研进展和2013年科研展望

农业机械是保障现代农业发展的重要物质基础。系统总结了2012年国家围绕创新驱动发展实施的农业机械国家科研计划任务及其取得的进展,并基于“十二五”发展思路提出了2013年农业机械科技工作重点。      

施入保水剂土壤吸水膨胀试验

以施入保水剂的土壤为研究对象,建立了施入保水剂土壤吸水后的空隙变化模型,并对不同含水率条件下土壤孔隙进行了测定,对模型进行了求参和验证,表明此模型具有较好的模拟效果,并以此为基础对施入保水剂条件下的土体吸水膨胀和孔隙度变化进行了分析,结果表明,保水剂施入量越高,膨胀量增加越大,孔隙度的增加也越大.     

Crayfish Carapace Powder Adsorbing Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution: Capacity,Characterization, Mechanism

ABSTRACT

Crayfish carapace powder is a low cost natural absorbent effective for the removal of heavy metals. Its adsorption capacity was far superior to its extracts—namely, chitin and chitosan. To understand the mechanism of heavy metals removed by this material, various techniques were implemented to characterize the samples. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed there was metal carbonate crystal formed on the surface of carapace granules after adsorbing heavy metal ions. The ion exchange between Ca²⁺ and M²⁺, chelation between M²⁺ and chitin, protein, chemical precipitation, and physical adsorption may be the external mechanism of adsorption.     

Optimization of source-sink dynamics in plant growth for ideotype breeding: A case study on maize

The objective of this work is to illustrate how a mathematical model of plant growth could be possibly used to design ideotypes and thus leads to new breeding strategies based on the guidance from optimization techniques. As a test case, maize (Zea mays L., cv. DEA), which is one of the most widely cultivated cereals all over the world, is selected for this study. The experimental data reported in a previous study are used to estimate parameters of a functional-structural plant growth model, namely, “GreenLab”. As the corn cob and its leaves and stem can be benefited from economically, a single objective optimization problem (maximization of cob weight) and a multi-objective optimization problem (maximization of cob weight, maximization of leaf and stem weight) are formulated, respectively. The Particle Swarm Optimization approach is applied to solve these two kinds of optimization problems based on the GreenLab model. The optimized variables are specific parameters of the GreenLab model, which are the cob sink strength and the coefficients of the cob sink variation function. The optimization results revealed that to achieve breeding objectives, the optimal trade-offs of source-sink dynamics should be considered. Moreover, the optimization results of the multi-objective optimization problem revealed that the harvest index may not be the evaluation factor for yield improvement. The work described in this paper showed that such optimization approaches relying on plant growth models may help improve breeding strategies and design ideotypes of high-yield maize, especially in the current agricultural context with the increasing importance of co-products when designing cultivation practices.     

吡虫啉亚致死剂量对日本通草蛉实验种群生命表的影响

为评价吡虫啉对日本通草蛉Chrysoperla nipponensis(Okamoto)实验种群的亚致死效应,采用浸渍法处理日本通草蛉卵,测定了吡虫啉亚致死剂量LC_(10)、LC_(20)、LC_(30)对日本通草蛉生长发育、繁殖力和生命表参数的影响。结果表明,经吡虫啉亚致死剂量LC_(10)、LC_(20)、LC_(30)处理后,日本通草蛉幼虫发育历期和蛹期分别延长0.86~2.04 d和1.00~2.37 d,平均单头蛹重降低1.16~1.56 mg,羽化率降低6.13%~13.08%;雌虫产卵前期延长0.19~0.51 d,每雌平均产卵量减少17.75~51.64粒,寿命减少1.75~2.84 d;内禀增长力(r_m)、净繁殖率(R_0)和周限增长率(λ)均显著降低,平均世代历期(T)和种群加倍时间(D_t)均显著延长。研究表明,吡虫啉亚致死剂量对日本通草蛉种群的增长具有抑制作用。