Determinants of the biodiversity patterns of ammonia-oxidizing archaea community in two contrasting forest stands

Purpose

The variation in soil microbial community patterns is primarily influenced by ecological processes associated with spatial distance and environmental heterogeneities. However, the relative importance of these processes in determining the patterns of soil microbial biodiversity in different successional forests remains unclear.

Materials and methods

Based on the species data from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis, we described the composition and beta diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) community, an important functional microbial group in regulating nitrogen cycle, in a middle-succeed stand (60 years of secondary succession) and an undisturbed native stand in a subtropical forest in southern China. The composition pattern was examined using a multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), and the beta diversity was described using the Sørensen index. The relative influence of edaphic, vegetational, spatial, and topographical factors on AOA composition and beta diversity was assessed by variation partitioning and multiple regression on distance matrices (MRM), respectively.

Results and discussion

We did not find any stand-specific patterns in AOA community composition in the two stands; however, the influential variables were different between the two stands; 7.3 and 4.5 % of the total variation in AOA community composition could be explained by edaphic (i.e., available potassium and total phosphorus) and spatial variables, respectively, in the middle-succeed stand, while 3.7 and 2.8 % of the variation were explained by spatial variable and available phosphorus, respectively, in the native stand. Soil total phosphorus influenced the beta diversity of AOA community most in the middle-succeed stand, while genetic distance of tree species was found to be the most important factor in driving the beta diversity pattern in the native stand.

Conclusions

Soil nutrients influenced the beta diversity of AOA community in the middle-succeed stand more than that in the native stand, while vegetation is more important in the native stand. The substantial unexplained variations were possibly due to the effects of other unmeasured variables. Nevertheless, dispersal process is more important in controlling AOA community composition in the native stand, while processes associated with environmental heterogeneities are more important in the middle-succeed stand in this subtropical forest.

     

泌乳奶山羊非繁殖季节诱发发情研究

奶山羊具有明显的季节性发情的特点,在非繁殖季节里,泌乳母羊体内的催乳素水平要高于繁殖季节,从而抑制了卵巢的生理机能。本研究采用具有抑制催乳素分泌作用的溴隐亭(CB-154,Parlodel)药物来降低母羊体内的催乳素水平,配合使用促性腺激素,提高泌乳母羊的诱发发情率,使配种后不返情率达到80％(28/35)。     

蒜头果叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性分析

为了解蒜头果叶绿体基因组密码子的使用偏性,利用Codon W 1.4.2和CUSP软件对蒜头果叶绿体基因组中33个基因的密码子进行中性绘图,应用ENC−plot、PR2−plot绘图分析并确定了其最优密码子。结果表明：蒜头果叶绿体基因组密码子的第3位碱基GC含量为28.43%,远低于第1位（47.74%）和第2位（41.05%）,RSCU值大于1的密码子有30个,其中12个以A结尾,16个以U结尾,说明蒜头果叶绿体基因组的编码基因偏好以A和U结尾。GC₁₂和GC₃的相关系数为0.1646,相关性不显著,回归系数为0.0004;有效密码子数（ENC）范围为40.39～54.86,大于45的有25个,ENC比值主要分布在−0.05～0.05之外。蒜头果叶绿体基因组中的大部分基因分布在PR2平面图的下半部或右下半部,说明蒜头果叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性更多地受选择的影响,同时亦受其他因素的影响。蒜头果叶绿体基因组的最优密码子确定为UUU、UUA、GUA等18个。     

Automated identification of sugar beet diseases using smartphones

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) poses a high economic risk to sugar beet production due to its potential to greatly reduce yield and quality. For successful integrated management of CLS, rapid and accurate identification of the disease is essential. Diagnosis on the basis of typical visual symptoms is often compromised by the inability to differentiate CLS symptoms from similar symptoms caused by other foliar pathogens of varying significance, or from abiotic stress. An automated detection and classification of CLS and other leaf diseases, enabling a reliable basis for decisions in disease control, would be an alternative to visual as well as molecular and serological methods. This paper presents an algorithm based on a RGB‐image database captured with smartphone cameras for the identification of sugar beet leaf diseases. This tool combines image acquisition and segmentation on the smartphone and advanced image data processing on a server, based on texture features using colour, intensity and gradient values. The diseases are classified using a support vector machine with radial basis function kernel. The algorithm is suitable for binary‐class and multi‐class classification approaches, i.e. the separation between diseased and non‐diseased, and the differentiation among leaf diseases and non‐infected tissue. The classification accuracy for the differentiation of CLS, ramularia leaf spot, phoma leaf spot, beet rust and bacterial blight was 82%, better than that of sugar beet experts classifying diseases from images. However, the technology has not been tested by practitioners. This tool can be adapted to other crops and their diseases and may contribute to improved decision‐making in integrated disease control.     

生物柴油催化转移加氢改善其燃烧特性

采用催化转移加氢法对大豆油生物柴油(SME,soybean methyl ester)进行适度加氢制备部分加氢大豆油生物柴油(PHSME,partially hydrogenated soybean methyl ester),分析比较生物柴油加氢前后的组分、过氧化值、碘值、十六烷值与运动黏度等燃料特性参数,并基于热重-差示扫描量热法(TG-DSC,thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimeter)研究加氢提质生物柴油的着火燃烧性能。结果表明:以异丙醇为供氢体、水为反应介质和Raney-Ni为催化剂,在温度85℃和常压下对SME进行催化转移加氢反应,经GC-MS(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)检测发现高不饱和组分选择性转化为低不饱和或饱和组分,不饱和程度降低了46.2%。尽管PHSME的运动黏度略有增加,但其氧化安定性得到明显改善,且十六烷值也升高至合理的范围。在空气氛围下,由于PHSME相比于SME的分子结构变化及运动黏度增加,其在初始阶段不易挥发,但在高温阶段平均氧化速率更高,其终了失质量温度比SME提前7.2℃。由于PHSME的适度的高十六烷值属性,在DSC曲线可见其放热始点温度比SME提前10.7℃,说明提质生物柴油具有优越的着火性能。     

甘薯根腐病的初步研究

 甘薯根腐病是我国新发生的一种病害。近年,在甘薯主要产区蔓延迅速,致使产量遭受严重损失。     

浙北地区小龙虾养殖情况的调查与分析

本文主要概述了小龙虾在浙北地区的养殖情况,通过对养殖户的具体调查,总结了当前小龙虾的养殖中存在的养殖误区,同时对养殖过程中应注意的问题进行了深入分析,并提出了相关解决办法。     

大麦虫作为替代寄主和人工饲料繁育花绒寄甲对其繁殖生物学的影响

花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides是防治多种蛀干害虫天牛的重要天敌,为了解决人工大量繁育花绒寄甲的技术问题,本文选用大麦虫Zophobas atratus蛹作为繁育花绒寄甲幼虫的替代寄主,利用配置的人工饲料饲喂成虫,在实验室中连续饲养4代花绒寄甲,统计分析所繁育出的每代花绒寄甲成虫的产卵量、产卵前期...     

牛流行热病毒灭活疫苗免疫后牛外周血淋巴细胞亚类分布的研究

对牛流行热病毒灭活疫苗免疫并攻每后，牛外周血淋巴细胞亚类的变化进行了研究。结果表明，灭活苗免疫后，牛的CD4^ 显著升高，可能与参与辅助B淋巴细胞合成抗体有关，攻毒后，γδT细胞均显著上升，免疫组在攻毒后3周仍保持在相当的高水平，IL－2Rα阳性细胞在攻毒后高热期也有显著升高，而CD8^ 细胞没有明显变化。