"沃得天"微肥叶面喷施对猕猴桃产量和品质的影响

验证"沃得天"微肥(一种新型微量元素水溶肥)对猕猴桃果树的喷施肥效,为陕西省猕猴桃生产提质增效提供科学依据。试验设置了喷施新型微量元素水溶肥("沃得天"微肥1(W1)、"沃得天"微肥2(W2))、普通微量元素水溶肥(G1)、清水(当地地下水,CK1)4个处理,供试材料为"秦美"猕猴桃,田间采用完全随机区组设计,测定了叶片生长、果实产量和品质方面的指标,并综合评价了"沃得天"微肥的田间应用效果。结果表明,与对照相比,喷施W1和W2均显著提高了猕猴桃叶片的百叶重和百叶厚,百叶重分别增加22.6%和33.3%,百叶厚分别增加20%和27%;其中W2还能同时增加果实横、纵径,增幅为11.0%和12.9%,并能够显著提高叶片中Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn以及Ca的含量,其中与普通微肥相比增加Fe元素60～78 mg·kg~(-1)。喷施W1和W2分别增加猕猴桃单果重为11.3%和8.8%,增加了果实的固酸比,其中W2果实中Vc的含量显著增加了8.6%;W1和W2还不同程度增加了果实中多种微量元素和钙的含量,优化了猕猴桃果实外观和营养品质。另外,W1和W2处理猕猴桃分别增产8.11%和5.17%,增益8.83%和5.43%,而且2种"沃得天"新型微量元素肥料对猕猴桃增产提质效果均优于市售普通微肥。因此,叶面喷施"沃得天"新型微肥可以促进陕西"秦美"猕猴桃的生长发育,并且能在一定程度上调控叶片和果实对必需微量元素的累积,在提高果实品质和增产增收及优化猕猴桃肥料管理方面效果显著。     

Trapping Cryptophlebia illepida and C. ombrodelta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in macadamia in Hawaii

Abstract

Two species of Cryptophlebia found in Hawaii's macadamia orchards are active in different parts of a tree canopy. C. illepida (Butler) males were mostly caught in traps hung 1·5 m to 9.1 m from the ground; whereas C. ombrodelta (Lower) males were caught from 9.1 m to 15.2 m. A plastic, cylindrical sticky trap caught equal numbers of C. illepida males as Pherocon 1C traps but more than delta traps. A synthetic pheromone blend of 93% (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate, 4% (E)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate, 1% (Z)‐8‐dodecenol, and 2% (2)‐7‐dedecenyl acetate attracted more males than other blends. No significant differences were detected between the two Cryptophlebia species in their response to the four‐component pheromone blend when traps were hung 4.6 m from the ground.     

A molecular diagnosis method using real-time PCR for quantification and detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4

The Fusarium genus causes devastating plant diseases worldwide, in which Fusarium oxysporum is the most serious crop pathogen. Disease monitoring is the basis of integrated pest management of any disease. The lack of rapid, accurate, and reliable device to detect and identify plant pathogens is one of the main limitations in integrated disease management. This study describes an efficient and quantifiable diagnosis method for the specific detection of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) race 4 in field-infected banana. With the optimized PCR parameters using the SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region) primers FocSc-1/FocSc-2 and a real-time PCR strategy, the developed method showed high reproducibility and was very sensitive to detect extremely low quantities of Foc genomic DNA (gDNA). We also found that Foc gDNA in severely symptomatic banana pseudostems and leaves were 6946-fold and 26.69-fold more than in those of mild-symptomatic banana, respectively.     

油茶炭疽病的研究

油茶炭疽病引起落花、落蕾、落果及落叶。病落果率约为全年总落果率的60%,根据标准株平均统计,病落蕾率占总落蕾率的26—45%。通过菌种形态比较与接种试验,肯定病原与茶叶上云纹叶枯病菌系同一种为 Colletotrichum camelliae Massee。其无性世代发生在寄主各部位,呈现不同征状,有性世代仅出现在连续阴雨一个月以上的枝梢及花蕾的病斑上。分生孢子具有抗旱及抗低温能力,但不能忍受冰冻温度。初次侵染来源为枝干的溃疡斑及病蕾蕾痕,经春雨浸湿大量产生,通过雨中风力广泛传布。干燥气流在传病上不起作用。夏、秋晨间露水滴溅也可使病菌孢子扩散侵染。根据湘西怀化县长期观察试验,象鼻虫在传病上并不是重要因素。各地区温差影响发病迟早,湿差影响严重度,雨天日数决定落蕾、落果的数量与时期。品种抗病性差异除形态特征外(气孔数量、角质层厚薄等),可能与表皮细胞层次与缀密度以及细胞的内含成份有关,果形及色泽与抗病性差异无实质关系。小果型品种(湖南珍珠于、苦槠子,江西宜春中子)的抗病性可能由上述的特性决定。     

棉花烂铃及炭疽病的研究

长江流域棉区常见的烂铃病菌有:炭疽病菌(Glomerella gossppii)、角斑病菌(Xanthomonas malvacearum)、花腐病菌(Choanephora cucurbitarum)、黑果病菌(Diplodia gossypina)、印度炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum indicum)、面包霉菌(Rhizopus nigricans)、红粉病菌(Cephalothecium roseum)、红腐病菌(Fusarium spp.)、疫菌(Phytophthora sp.)、轮纹斑病菌(Alternaria spp.)、褐斑病菌(Phyllosticta spp.)、青霉菌(Penicillium spp.)、黑子菌(Nigrospora sp.)、斑纹病菌(Pestalozzia sp.)、(?)腐病菌(Aspergillus spp.)、蠕子菌(Helminthos-porium cuverlaria)、黑斑病菌(Ceratostoma sp.)、汚叶病菌(Cladosporium sp.)等18种,某些年分以炭疽、角斑、红腐等为最主要。1950—51年田间观察结果表明,棉花生长期8、9二个月久雨多湿是引起炭疽病及其他烂铃发生的重要因子。田间接种试验证明:气温平均在25—30℃以及长期保湿,炭疽病菌能直接侵害棉铃。机械损伤、虫孔、角斑病等都是病菌侵害的有利条件。以生长10天的幼铃抗力最强。接近吐絮时的自然裂口,在高湿多雨时,也可成为各种菌类侵害的重要途径。适当密植,合理施用氮肥,进行整枝摘叶,使株行间通风透光,减低湿度,对减轻烂铃损失有一定的作用。     

Penetration and metabolism of topically applied permethrin and cypermethrin in pyrethroid-tolerant Wiseana cervinata larvae

The penetration, excretion, and metabolism of topically applied [¹⁴C]permethrin and [¹⁴C]cypermethrin have been examined in larvae of the porina moth Wiseana cervinata to determine the factors which affect body levels of unchanged pyrethroids. Metabolism was by hydrolysis and to a lesser extent oxidation and the primary metabolites were quickly conjugated to water-soluble products. Little excretion occurred and body levels of unchanged pyrethroids were dependent on the interaction of penetration and metabolism. cis-Cypermethrin was more resistant to metabolism than trans-cypermethrin and cis- and trans-permethrin. trans-Permethrin most readily penetrated into larvae. The body levels of unchanged permethrin were enhanced by pretreatment of larvae with the metabolic inhibitors carbaryl or piperonyl butoxide. Tolerance of the pasture pest porina to the synthetic pyrethroids is discussed in relation to these findings.     

香石竹叶斑病防治研究

本文报道作者等于1978～1980年间对香石竹叶斑病的防治研究结果。此病主要为害叶片造成叶斑和叶枯,但也可造成茎腐和花枯。根据本病原分生孢子色泽较深、喙较短、纵向斜向分隔较多等特点,确认上海地区香石竹叶斑病病原为Alternaria dianthi Stev.et Hall而非Alternaria dianthicola Neerganrd。对其形态大小进行了描述。土中病残体是此病的初次侵染源。越冬后的分生孢子是此病的初侵染源菌态之一。霉季和台风季多雨.露地栽培、种植感病品系均有利于发病。栽培措施可以减轻发病程度。试验证明防病有效的药剂有:土壤消毒可以0.1％五氯硝基苯拌土;插条浸药:10％401的1000倍液浸半小时或0.1％高锰酸钾液浸10分钟;生长季节喷雾:0.5％的波尔多液或75％的代森锰锌500倍液,10天1次,在每次摘芽作业后及时喷施。     

哈纳斯自然保护区植被特点及植物区系形成的探讨

哈纳斯自然保护区的植被充分反映了欧洲－西伯利亚区系成分的特色。山地针叶林带与天山相比显著下降，为阴暗泰加林类型。植被类型丰富多样，与天山的植被特点迥然不同。本区植物区系形成于第四纪。其区系组成以温带成分为主，并含有少量的古地中海成分。以本土发生的安哥拉区系成分米体；发源于华夏地区的亚洲温带成分渗透至本区；残存的古地中海成分有小部分通过相邻地区向本区渗放。