To what extent is altitudinal variation of functional traits driven by genetic adaptation in European oak and beech?

The phenotypic responses of functional traits in natural populations are driven by genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity. These two mechanisms enable trees to cope with rapid climate change. We studied two European temperate tree species (sessile oak and European beech), focusing on (i) in situ variations of leaf functional traits (morphological and physiological) along two altitudinal gradients and (ii) the extent to which these variations were under environmental and/or genetic control using a common garden experiment. For all traits, altitudinal trends tended to be highly consistent between species and transects. For both species, leaf mass per area displayed a positive linear correlation with altitude, whereas leaf size was negatively correlated with altitude. We also observed a significant increase in leaf physiological performance with increasing altitude: populations at high altitudes had higher maximum rates of assimilation, stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen content than those at low altitudes. In the common garden experiment, genetic differentiation between populations accounted for 0-28% of total phenotypic variation. However, only two traits (leaf mass per area and nitrogen content) exhibited a significant cline. The combination of in situ and common garden experiments used here made it possible to demonstrate, for both species, a weaker effect of genetic variation than of variations in natural conditions, suggesting a strong effect of the environment on leaf functional traits. Finally, we demonstrated that intrapopulation variability was systematically higher than interpopulation variability, whatever the functional trait considered, indicating a high potential capacity to adapt to climate change.     

淡紫拟青霉种内RAPD多态性分析

对来自中国不同地理来源的20株淡紫拟青霉,及拟青霉属其它菌株4株进行RAPD分析,从RAPD扩增结果可知淡紫拟青霉种内具有丰富的遗传多样型。RAPD扩增指纹图谱有效地分辨不同菌株的基因型。聚类分析结果表明,菌株间差异与地理来源无关,与防治效果正相关;种内的遗传差异要大于种间的差异,说明种内可能含有隐含种;未鉴定菌株为淡紫拟青霉。     

Helix-rod host-guest complexes with shuttling rates much faster than disassembly

Dynamic assembly is a powerful fabrication method of complex, functionally diverse molecular architectures, but its use in synthetic nanomachines has been hampered by the difficulty of avoiding reversible attachments that result in the premature breaking apart of loosely held moving parts. We show that molecular motion can be controlled in dynamically assembled systems through segregation of the disassembly process and internal translation to time scales that differ by four orders of magnitude. Helical molecular tapes were designed to slowly wind around rod-like guests and then to rapidly slide along them. The winding process requires helix unfolding and refolding, as well as a strict match between helix length and anchor points on the rods. This modular design and dynamic assembly open up promising capabilities in molecular machinery.     

顽固乳状液的破乳处理提高花生游离油提取率

水相法同时提取花生油脂和蛋白质工艺中往往形成可观的乳状液,经蛋白酶破乳可回收相当量的油脂,但得到的顽固乳状液十分稳定,需进一步研究其特性方可加以利用。该文对该顽固乳状液中可能起主要稳定作用的界面蛋白的电泳性质、疏水性质、乳化活性及乳化稳定性进行了研究,并通过激光共聚焦显微镜对顽固乳状液的微观结构进行了观察。结果表明,水相取油工艺碱提过程中,温度和pH值的协同作用,使含疏水性碱性亚基较多的蛋白质的构象发生变化,疏水基团暴露,表面吸附能力增强,促使乳状液稳定性提高。经酶解离心后,顽固乳状液中的油滴数量和油滴粒径大小明显降低,降解后形成的小分子亚基依赖二硫键的作用形成肽段聚集并紧紧吸附在油滴表面,形成黏弹性的膜,使得顽固乳状液稳定存在。应用超声辅助、冷冻解冻、热、极端pH值、乙醇辅助等方法处理顽固乳状液。结果显示,冷冻解冻和乙醇辅助处理可有效地使顽固乳状液中的油滴聚集。在乙醇体积分数为50%的条件下,乙醇辅助处理可使顽固乳状液的破除率达90%以上,从而使全工艺流程总游离油提取率从原来的88%提高到93%,极大地推进了水相法提取花生油脂工艺的产业化发展。     

1-Hydroxypyrene in milk and urine as a bioindicator of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure of ruminants

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-pyrene) is now largely considered to be a valuable biomarker of exposure of man and animals to pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, from a practical and agronomic standpoint, the question remains whether such biomarking capability still holds when 1-OH-pyrene is analyzed in milk produced by ruminants. To assess this hypothesis, four goats were daily submitted to three different amounts of pyrene oral ingestion, together with phenanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene (1, 7, and 49 mg/day during 1 week each). An HPLC-fluorometric analysis of 1-OH-pyrene in milk revealed a perfect correlation between pyrene doses and 1-OH-pyrene detected in milk, thus fully confirming the biomarking capability of 1-OH-pyrene and providing information on its transfer coefficient toward milk. Transfer equations such as the ones found in the present study could be used as a valuable and practical risk assessment tool in (i) the accurate monitoring of exposure of ruminants to pyrene and (ii) the evaluation of occupational and environmental exposure of ruminants to PAH mixtures.     

Wolbachia对土耳其斯坦叶螨生殖影响的转录组测序分析

为进一步探索内共生菌Wolbachia对土耳其斯坦叶螨生殖调控的影响,本试验筛选出完全感染Wolbachia和完全不感染的土耳其斯坦叶螨品系进行转录组测序。结果表明:感染Wolbachia后,叶螨体内一些与生殖相关的基因发生明显变化,其中3 810个基因在雌成螨中受到影响,2 885个基因在雄成螨中受到影响;其中一些参与脂质转运、氧化还原反应、消化及解毒作用的基因具有明显的性别特异性。这为内共生菌Wolbachia引起宿主生殖调控提供了新的理论依据。     

猪源罗伊氏乳杆菌 LR1 对断奶仔猪肠黏膜细胞外基质动态变化的影响

【目的】初步研究饲粮添加猪源罗伊氏乳杆菌对断奶仔猪肠道细胞外基质（Extracellular matrix，ECM）表达的影响，为猪源罗伊氏乳杆菌在畜牧业中的推广应用提供参考。【方法】选取 21 日龄体重相近的杜长大杂交断奶仔猪 144 头，随机分为 3 个处理组，对照组（CON）饲喂基础饲粮，抗生素组（AO）在基础饲粮中添加 75 mg/kg 金霉素和 100 mg/kg 喹乙醇，罗伊氏乳杆菌组（LR1）在基础饲粮中添加 5×1010 CFU/kg 猪源罗伊氏乳杆菌 LR1，每个处理组各分 8 栏饲养，每栏 6 头猪，试验期为 42 d，饲养试验结束时随机从每栏挑选 1 头仔猪进行屠宰，取其十二指肠（近端）、空肠（中段）、回肠（远端）样品，进行肠道胶原蛋白、纤维黏连蛋白、肌腱蛋白及其相关调控因子等 ECM 相关指标的检测。【结果】Masson 染色观察结果显示，十二指肠、空肠和回肠中胶原纤维均由肠黏膜下层向上层延伸，与 CON 组相比，LR1 组和 AO 组断奶仔猪十二指肠的胶原容积分数均显著降低（P<0.05），LR1 组的回肠胶原容积分数也显著降低（P<0.05）。TMT 高通量蛋白质组学分析结果显示，ECM-受体互作通路是差异蛋白主要富集通路之一，且其差异蛋白 COL1A2、COL4A2、COL6A1、ITGA1 等 ECM 分子的表达在 LR1 组显著低于 CON 组（P<0.05）。与 CON 组相比，LR1 组和 AO 组断奶仔猪空肠和回肠 COL1A2、COL3A1、ITGβ2 的基因表达均显著降低（P<0.05），且 LR1 组显著降低了空肠 COL4A2、COL5A1、COL6A1、FN1、TNC、ITGα1 及回肠 ITGα1 的基因表达（P<0.05），但对回肠 COL4A2、COL5A1、COL6A1、FN1、TNC 无显著影响。在回肠中，与 CON 组相比，LR1 组和 AO 组断奶仔猪回肠 Collagen Ⅰ ~ Ⅵ的含量显著降低（P<0.05）；LR1 组回肠胞内调控因子 SEC6A1、PDE4D 和胞外调控因子 MMP2 的基因表达均显著降低（P<0.05）；与 AO 组相比，LR1 组的胞内调控因子 SEC6A1、细胞因子 TGF-β 的基因表达显著降低（P<0.05）。【结论】饲粮中添加猪源罗 伊氏乳杆菌 LR1 可通过减少 ECM 调控因子 SEC6A1、PDE4D 等的基因表达来调节断奶仔猪肠道 ECM 的重塑。     

福州市不同种植年限茉莉花园土壤碳、氮、磷及生态化学计量比特征

为了阐明种植年限对茉莉花园土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)及其生态化学计量特征的影响,以福州市种植年限约为3(J-3),10(J-10),15(J-15),30(J-30),＞40(J-40)年的茉莉花园为研究对象,对土壤C、N、P与生态化学计量比及其影响因子进行了测定与分析.结果 表明:(1)与J-3相比,随着种植年...