Monitoring water interception by crop fields from passive microwave observations

In the present work, the time variations of a wheat field microwave emission are analysed during irrigation phases. The aim of the study is to investigate the use of low-frequency microwave measurements to monitor hydrological variables over a wheat crop: surface soil moisture and water interception by the vegetation canopy. The irrigation phases were representative of rainfall or dew events. It appears that the radiometric measurements are strongly sensitive to the hydrological characteristics of the soil and of the vegetation canopy. The 1.4GHz measurements are mainly sensitive to surface soil moisture m_v, whereas the 5 GHz measurements are sensitive to both m_v and to the vegetation water content W_v. A simple model approach is implemented to retrieve simultaneously these two surface parameters. The results of this procedure show the high potential of the microwave remote sensing measurements to monitor the time variations of soil moisture and of the total vegetation water content. The value of the wheat water storage capacity is derived from the microwave measurements and is in good agreement with experimental data.     

Management of human health risk in the context of kitchen gardens polluted by lead and cadmium near a lead recycling company

Purpose

At the global scale, gardening activities are often performed in urban areas with a historical background of pollution. In this study, a participatory program was developed with citizens concerned by gardening activities near a 50-year-old regulated lead recycling company, with the aim of co-constructing the tools for the assessment and management of potential sanitary risks induced by historic pollution with persistent (eco) toxic metals: lead and cadmium.

Materials and methods

Soils and vegetables (lettuce, leek, celery, carrot, chard, pumpkin, and celeriac) samples were collected from four kitchen gardens neighboring a 50-year-old secondary lead smelter. Both total and in vitro human bioaccessible metal concentrations in the cultivated plants were measured in relation to soil characteristics.

Results and discussion

The results showed that the soils of these gardens were slightly contaminated by metals (Pb, 77 to 236 mg kg^?1; and Cd, 0.5 to 1 mg kg^?1) in comparison with the natural geologic background. However, significant pollution of vegetables can occur especially with lead (Pb up to 9.8 mg kg^?1 in lettuce) and certainly as a result of direct foliar transfer. The washing of plants before consumption is therefore recommended in the context of atmospheric fallout of ultrafine particles enriched with metals.

Conclusions

Metal bioaccessibility measure integrates the influence of metal type, plant type, and soil physico-chemical properties. Based on the results, it is proposed that human bioaccessible fraction of metals may also be currently taken into account as well as total metal quantities and bioaccumulation factors in risk assessment studies performed in gardens. Overall, this study has led to reflections and functional recommendations aimed at reducing human exposure and to finally developing sustainable gardening practices.

     

2000-2020年河南省土地利用强度与碳排放脱钩关系

[目的] 测度土地利用碳排放效应,探索土地利用与碳排放之间的脱钩关系,进而揭示土地利用变化的碳排放规律,为制定资源保护和生态文明政策提供科学依据。[方法] 以中国农业典型生产中心地区、中国人口大省——河南省为研究区域,基于近20 a间土地利用现状遥感监测数据,从县域尺度研究土地利用碳排放和土地利用强度的时空格局演变特征,并借助于脱钩分析的理论框架来检测它们之间的脱钩关系。[结果] ①在研究期间,碳排放呈现出明显的空间异质性。豫中地区、豫北地区碳排放水平明显高于其他区域;平原地区和大城市周边地区的碳排放明显高于山区和丘陵地区。②研究期间土地利用强度持续增加,豫中地区土地利用强度明显高于豫南地区,而豫北地区土地利用强度分布表现出明显的空间集聚现象。③研究期间土地利用强度和碳排放二者的主要关系类型为扩张负脱钩和强脱钩,需要从资源高消耗、高碳排放的双高模式不断向资源低消耗、低碳排放的低碳发展模式转变。[结论] 不同阶段、不同地区在土地利用强度与碳排放之间的脱钩关系程度方面有着明显差异,应采用差异性管控政策,促进生态环境保护和经济发展之间形成协调稳定的发展关系。     

苹果黑星病在陇东的年消长动态及在不同苹果品种上的病情差异

陇东生态条件下,田间观察了苹果黑星病在同一年度内不同时期、不同苹果品种上的发生程度,分析了病害的年消长动态和不同苹果品种的抗性差异。结果表明：该病害在陇东地区于5月下旬开始发病,之后的病情呈“阶梯式”上升态势,5月25日至6月23日的病害流行速率达到0.123 9,为病情快速发展期;7月14日至7月27日和8月18日至9月8日的病害流行速率分别为0.032 0和 0.021 4,为病情较快发展期;6月23日至7月14日和7月27日至8月18日的病害流行速率分别为0.005 4和0.005 5,为病情缓慢发展期;9月8日之后病情不再发展。不同苹果品种的抗病性存在明显差异,‘美国8号’和‘皮诺瓦’表现免疫;‘静宁1号’‘瑞阳’‘秦脆’‘蜜脆’‘华硕’‘陆奥’‘金冠’‘无锈金矮生’‘寒富’‘艾达红’‘摩力士’和‘国光’等品种相对抗病性指数0.902～0.997,表现高抗;‘成纪1号’‘烟富3号’‘秋富1号’‘长富2号’‘宫崎短富’‘烟富6号’‘龙富’‘延长红’‘2001富士’‘烟富1号’‘首富3号’等富士系品种及维纳斯黄金‘嘎啦’‘瑞雪’‘爵士’‘印度青’‘凉香’‘美味’‘青香蕉’‘阿斯’‘新红星’等品种相对抗病性指数0.000～0.645,表现高感或中感。可见,利用杀菌剂遏制园内病情发展的关键时期在5月下旬至6月下旬,其次在7月中下旬和8月中旬至9月上旬;表现高抗和免疫的苹果品种在黑星病流行地区有较大推广应用价值。     

An unexpected host for the endangered giant freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793) as a conservation tool

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Multiplex PCR genotyping for five bacterial blight resistance genes applied to marker‐assisted selection in rice (Oryza sativa)

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