Serine-to-glycine ratios in low-protein diets regulate intramuscular fat by affecting lipid metabolism and myofiber type transition in the skeletal muscle of growing-finishing pigs

Serine and glycine are 2 of the first-affected nonessential amino acids in low crude protein (CP) diets for pigs. Therefore, we explored the effects of different dietary serine-to-glycine ratios on growth performance and lipid metabolism in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 160 crossbred healthy barrows, with a similar body weight of around 59.50 kg, were randomly allotted into 1 of 5 treatments (8 pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen). The serine-to-glycine ratios of the 5 dietary treatments were as follows: diet A (NORMAL group), 1.18:1 (16% CP); diet B (LOW group), 1.2:1 (12% CP); diet C (S2G1 group), 2:1 (12% CP); diet D (S1G2 group), 1:2 (12% CP); and diet E (S1G1 group), 1:1 (12% CP).We found that the pigs fed a low CP diet (12% CP), when maintaining serine-to-glycine ratio at 1:2 and a total amount of 1.44%, had the same average daily gain as the pigs fed a normal CP diet (16% CP) (P > 0.05), but they had increased intramuscular fat (P < 0.05). Furthermore, they exhibited higher expression of genes involved in lipid oxidation (P < 0.05), which was regulated by modulating methylation levels in the promoters of acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain (ACADM). When compared with the pigs fed a normal CP diet, these pigs had more oxidative myofibers (P < 0.05), which were regulated by AMPK-PGC-1α and Calcineurin-MEF2/NFAT pathways in a coordinated manner. Our findings suggested that a dietary serine-to-glycine ratio of 1:2 is beneficial for improving meat quality in pigs fed a low CP diet.     

离体牛小肠细胞对β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素吸收的研究

用分离出的牛小肠细胞分别与含不同浓度的β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素培养液温育,结果小肠粘膜细胞对两种类胡萝卜素的吸收呈浓度依赖性,吸收率稳定,与浓度无关,且吸收不受培养温度的影响,因而推断牛小肠细胞对两种类胡萝卜素的吸收是一种被动扩散机制,培养液中聚环氧乙烷山梨糖醇单月桂酸脂(Tween 20)超过一定浓度则抑制类胡萝卜素进入肠细胞,其中对叶黄素抑制作用最大。     

氯鼠酮钠盐防治布氏田鼠研究

氯鼠酮钠盐是国内近年合成的抗凝血杀鼠剂,用它对草原主要害鼠布氏田鼠作了毒力测定。急性LD_(50)为1.882±0.7537毫克/公斤,回归方程y=2.2476x+4.3826;慢性LD_(50)为0.20±0.0302毫克/公斤,回归方程y=2.4396x+6.7051。用0.004％、0.008％和0.016％氯鼠酮钠盐小麦毒饵作了现场灭鼠试验,其效果分别为75.83±5.90％、70.81±5.96％和98.41±4.62％。用氯鼠酮钠盐防治布氏田鼠一次投饵时宜用浓度为0.01％～0.016％。     

火因子对松嫩羊草草原植物多样性的影响

应用三种丰富度指数，四种多样性系数，五种均匀度指数，进行了不同火因子对羊草草原植物多样性影响的研究。结果得出，灰分刺激与去枯作用明显提高了物种均匀度，加热作用则提高了物种丰富度，火烧的综合作用使得物种多样性显著增加，辛普森多样性指数计算的结果与其他 指数的结果截然相反，不适于在此种情况下应用。     

Evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae HB04C(-) mutant lacking a drug resistance marker in the pigs

Previously, we reported the construction and characterization of a genetically defined Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) apxIIC gene mutant, HB04C(-), which conferred protection to mice against infection with A. pleuropneumoniae. In this study, we further evaluated HB04C(-) for safety and its ability to elicit protective immunity in pigs. It was demonstrated that a dose of 2 x 10(8) CFU HB04C(-) was safe to the pigs via intranasal or intramuscular injection. Immunization with a dose of 2 x 10(8) HB04C(-) by both intranasal and intramuscular routine could yield equal protective efficacy and elicited significant protection against experiment challenge with homologous or heterologous serotypes of a virulent A. pleuropneumonia. Taken together, HB04C(-) might serve as a promising vaccine candidate against infection with A. pleuropneumoniae.     

苜蓿干草添加剂研究进展

苜蓿干草在高水分打捆贮藏时添加有机酸、胺类化合物和生物制剂等添加剂可以有效地抑制微生物的生长繁殖 ,缩短干燥时间 ,避免低水分牧草在打捆时的叶片脱落 ,是减少调制过程中营养物质的损失 ,保证苜蓿干草质量的有效措施。     

传染性支气管炎弱毒苗黏膜途径免疫对雏鸡气管及哈德氏腺SIgA细胞分布的影响

采用传染性支气管炎弱毒苗对1日龄雏鸡分别进行点眼和滴鼻免疫.取气管和哈德氏腺做石蜡切片,以葡萄球菌A蛋白-辣根过氧化酶(SPA-HRP)免疫组化染色,对气管和哈德氏腺中SIgA细胞的分布、数量变化进行了观察.结果表明:SIgA阳性细胞分布在哈德氏腺的间质中;气管中的SIgA细胞主要分布在黏膜上皮细胞之间和固有层中,局部黏膜上皮形成的隐窝内也分布有SIgA细胞.数量统计分析表明:免疫组的哈德氏腺和气管中SIgA细胞数量显著高于对照组;点眼免疫的SIgA细胞数量比滴鼻免疫的高;加强免疫则使SIgA细胞数量进一步增多.     

Efficacy of the immunoblot assay for cysticercosis in pigs and modulated expression of distinct IgM/IgG activities to Taenia solium antigens in experimental infections

A recently invented immunoblot assay for human cysticercosis was evaluated for efficacy in pigs. The test population consists of 45 pigs with parasitologically confirmed cysticercosis, 47 with heterologous infections, 45 SPF or concrete raised control animals. With this group of 137 animals the test performance was 100% sensitive and 100% specific. The antigen-specific responses of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG and IgM in four pigs infected with Taenia solium eggs derived from a human were quantified by immunoblot. Antigen-specific activities were observed as early as 1 week postinfection. The first antigen-specific isotypic response was IgM antibodies directed against a glycoprotein at 97 KD (GP97). This activity generally disappeared between the sixth and ninth week postinfection. Between Weeks 5 and 8, IgG activity rose as IgM activity fell. The IgG activity, however, was directed mostly towards GP50 and GP42 antigens. If the same response occurs in people with cysticercosis, identifying specific isotype activity may help to distinguish new infection from old.     

Diversity of the ovine DQA2 gene

Variation in the ovine DQA2 gene was investigated in approximately 2,000 sheep from six breeds. Fragments of DNA containing the ovine DQA2 exon 2 were amplified using PCR. Single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and DNA sequence analysis were employed to detect genetic variation. Twenty-three nucleic acid sequences, encoding 22 DQA2 amino acid sequences, were identified. This increases the number of alleles identified from 10 to 23. In some cases, three or four unique sequences were isolated from individual sheep, suggesting that these DQA2 sequences may represent two loci. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that 5 of these 23 sequences were more closely related to cattle DQA3 or DQA4 sequences than to other sheep DQA2 sequences. These sequences clustered together and were called DQA2-like to differentiate them from other DQA2 sequences. There was no evidence of DQA5-like sequences in sheep. Information theory-based analysis indicated that some of the DQA2-like sequences had low information content at splice sites, suggesting that these alleles may have low functional activity. Allelic lineages were observed not only at the DQA2 locus, but also at the DQA2-like locus, supporting the trans-species mode of evolution of MHC genes. Comparison of the allelic sequences suggests that polymorphism seems to have arisen largely by point mutation and gene conversion, and a recent gene conversion event seems to have occurred between the DQA2 and DQA2-like loci. The high level of sequence polymorphism detected and varied number of loci demonstrate the extensive diversity of the ovine DQA2 gene.     

影响饲料制粒的因素及其控制方法分析

影响制粒的因素很多,有制粒机自身性能、待制粒原料理化性质、生产操作和工艺条件等。本文从饲料组分、物料理化性质、配方组成、压模和压辊等几个方面作了简要阐述,为提高饲料制粒效率,保证制粒质量提供参考。