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41.
42.
The surface of the barley coleoptile is relatively hydrophobic. When the coleoptile surface was treated with water for 20 min, the contact angle of water droplets decreased and the surface became relatively hydrophilic. When conidia ofErysiphe graminis were inoculated on the hydrophobic surface of barley coleoptiles and immersed immediately in water, approximately 70% of the appressoria were normal after 24 h. In contrast, when conidia of E. graminis were inoculated on the hydrophilic surface of pre-wetted coleoptiles, only about 30% of the appressoria were normal. About 76% of the conidia that were strongly adherent developed normal appressoria. In contrast, only 20% of the conidia with weaker adherence developed normal appressoria. Application of a polycation(poly-
-ornithine: PLO) solution to the coleoptile surface prior to inoculation served to attach conidia to the surface of coleoptiles immersed in water. After PLO treatment, 70% of the conidia were strongly adherent. Furthermore, in water, 72% of the conidia developed normal appressoria on the surface of coleoptiles pretreated with PLO. These results suggest that normal appressorium development of E. graminis depends greatly on the intensity of adhesion of conidia to the substratum during the process of morphogenesis in water. 相似文献
43.
Fifteen 5-substituted 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-2-nitromethylene-1,3- diazacyclohexanes and three other related compounds having a five- or seven-membered ring were synthesized and their biological activities were measured in vivo and in vitro. The insecticidal (in vivo) activity was evaluated against houseflies Musca domestica L under synergistic conditions with propargyl propyl phenyl phosphonate and piperonyl butoxide. The binding activity of each compound to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in vitro was measured using [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin. The insecticidal activities of the unsubstituted diazacyclohexane analogues were slightly higher than those of the imidazolidine analogues, but the enlargement of ring size to diazacycloheptane lowered the activity. Substitution of 1,3-diazacyclohexane or imidazolidine rings was not generally favourable for the activity, but the unsubstituted 1,3-diazacyclohexane analogue showed the highest binding activity. Ring substitutions and ring enlargement decreased the activity 100-30,000-fold. 相似文献
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45.
Hui Chen Atsushi Tamai Masashi Mori Masashi Ugaki Yoshikazu Tanaka Partha P. Samadder Akio Miyao Hirohiko Hirochika Naoto Yamaoka Masamichi Nishiguchi 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2010,76(2):152-160
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) play a key role in various RNA silencing pathways in many organisms. Using the nucleotide
sequence of SGS2/SDE1/RDR6 in Arabidopsis as the search query for sequences that flank the insertions of rice retrotransposon Tos17, we selected rice mutant lines (OsRDR1). RT-PCR analysis showed that OsRDR1 mRNA was undetectable in leaves and calli of the mutants, while it was detected in wild type. RNA silencing was induced by
particle bombardment to investigate any effects of OsRDR1 on RNA silencing with β-glucuronidase or green fluorescent protein DNA/RNA in the mutant lines. The results showed that RNA
silencing was impaired in these mutant lines by inverted repeat (IR) DNA or in vitro transcribed double-stranded RNA. Further,
the mutant lines were bombarded with Brome mosaic bromovirus (BMV, a ssRNA virus) or Wheat dwarf
geminivirus (WDV, a ssDNA virus), each carrying the IR sequence of a reporter gene. As a result, RNA silencing was impaired by BMV. Interestingly,
however, it was not impaired by WDV. Thus we propose that OsRDR1 is required for RNA silencing mediated by Bromovirus, but not by Geminivirus in this system. 相似文献
46.
Kazumi Yamaoka Tatsumi Tomosho Masaru Mizoguchi Mikiko Sugiura 《Paddy and Water Environment》2008,6(1):115-128
In Japan, a developed country in Asia, the Land Improvement Act systems have worked as a measure of social capital accumulation
as well as an adjective law in implementing irrigation projects since 1949. This paper illustrates the status and problems
in applying the concept of social capital to agricultural and rural development policy systems in developing countries, EU
and Japan. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) it is desirable that governments formulate public policies
that are appropriate for correcting inefficiencies in resource distribution for accumulating social capital, so that the governments
play a significant role in developing and supporting social capital; (2) the effect of policies in the areas, where government-supported
land improvement projects have been implemented, has been improved, subsequent to which the efficient use of the national
budget allocated for the projects has been improved, while the projects significantly contribute to the national land conservation
and social stability by continuously promoting minimum social capital accumulation nationwide. In addition, Japan and countries
in the Asian monsoon region, which hold the five elements in common that constitute the characteristics of rice field irrigation
in humid climates, should take over the advantages of the land improvement project system while learning from the success
achieved by the LEADER+ programme in Europe, where society precedes Asian countries concerning the problems of decline in
the birth rate, and expansion of an aging society.
相似文献
Kazumi YamaokaEmail: |
47.
48.
A number of various species of blue-stain fungi were isolated fromTomicus piniperda adults at various stages of development, as well as from the galleries, pupal chambers and sapwood underneath galleries on
Japanese red pine. This study was an attempt to identify the species, composition of blue-stain fungi associated withT. piniperda, the frequency of occurrence of the fungi, and their role in the sapwood-staining of Japanese red pine in Tsukuba City, central
Japan. Among the seven species of blue-stain fungi isolated, an undescribed species ofOphiostoma together withO. minus were the dominant species and closely associated withT. piniperda. These two species occurred on newly emerging adults more frequently than the overwintered adults.Hormonema dematioides was also associated with the beetle, however, its frequency of occurrence from the emerged new adults was very low. Although
the two other species,O. ips andGraphium sp. were also isolated from emerged beetles, the frequency of these fungi from gallery systems suggested that they were accidentally
carried byT. piniperda. Leptographium wingfieldii, known to be associated with the beetle in Europe, was also isolated at a very low frequency and the fungus seemed not to
be closely associated with the beetle.Ophiostoma sp. andO. minus appear to be the most important causes of blue-stain of Japanese red pine sapwood after infestation byT. piniperda. 相似文献
49.
50.
Termite feeding behavior and the chemoreception of plant extracts were evaluated to investigate the water extracts from akamatsu
(Pinus densiflora), neem (Azadirachta indica), and their equivalent mixture using pseudoergates of Zootermopsis nevadensis. In behavioral assays, termite preference was akamatsu > akamatsu plus neem > neem. Electrophysiological recordings from
the taste hairs on labial palps showed vigorous impulse discharge to akamatsu extract but much lower response to neem extract.
The response to akamatsu plus neem was mostly the same as that to neem alone, suggesting the neem extracts inhibited the responses
to akamatsu extracts. In the present article, we discuss the correlations between the feeding behaviors and the responses
at their taste cells to these different extracts. 相似文献