河套地区盐碱土复合调理剂配方筛选研究

以内蒙古河套灌区典型的盐碱土为研究对象,采用烟气脱硫石膏、腐殖酸、保水剂材料研发的复合调理剂对根区盐碱土进行综合改良,通过室内盆栽试验,分析不同配比烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂对土壤pH值、碱化度、全盐、盐基离子含量、养分水平、含水量、硬度及向日葵出苗率的影响。结果表明:(1)不同比例施用烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂后土壤pH值均显著降低,降低幅度0.45～0.79个单位,土壤中Na~+和CO_3~(2-)+HCO_3~-含量分别降低了9.7%～20.1%和14.3%～30.4%;(2)不同比例施用烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂后土壤有机质、碱解氮和含水量分别增加了13.9%～119.3%、9.1%～159.2%和4.4%～20.2%,土壤硬度降低了13.4%～56.7%;(3)不同比例施用烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂后,向日葵出苗率从6.7%增加到了20.0%～66.7%;通过对盐碱土综合改良效果及向日葵出苗率进行分析,烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂的最优配方为烟气脱硫石膏2 580 kg·hm~(-2)、腐殖酸774 kg·hm~(-2)、保水剂516 kg·hm~(-2)。     

双轴卧式和面机的和面效果及其对面条质量的影响

为了明确和面速度和搅拌杆构型不同的双轴卧式和面机的和面效果及其对面条质量的影响,该研究以3种小麦粉（高筋一等粉、富强粉、上白粉）为材料,采用550型棒状杆恒速和面机和765型角度桨叶状搅拌杆调速和面机和面,比较分析和面效果和面条质量。结果表明,2种类型和面机的和面效果存在较大差异,对面条质量有较大影响。与550型棒状杆恒速和面机相比,765型调速和面机制作的面絮胚粒大小中等、大颗粒（粒径≥4000μm）胚粒比例明显较低;复合后的面坯色泽均匀,鲜面条拉伸特性较好,且熟面条硬度较大、耐咀嚼。765型和面机采用2种不同的和面参数,即高速和低速搅拌的时间组合不同,得到的和面效果也不相同。和面方式Ⅱ（高速和面300 s、低速和面480 s）制作的面絮颗粒相对偏小,面坯较厚、更为亮白,而熟面条的回复性弱于和面方式Ⅲ（高速和面500 s、低速和面280 s）。研究结果表明,不同品质的面粉应选择不同的和面方式,面筋质量高且颗粒度大的高筋一等粉适合高速搅拌时间较长的和面方式Ⅲ,制作的鲜面条拉伸阻力和熟面条硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、回复性均显著大于搅拌强度较小的和面方式Ⅱ。     

Promising approaches to the purification of soils and groundwater from hydrocarbons (A Review)

Soils and waters are affected by oil spills in the course of oil production and hydrocarbon leakages because of the corrosion of underground reservoirs, as well as the filtration of hydrocarbons from the tailing ponds formed during the extraction of oil from oil sands. The conventional technology for the withdrawal of contaminated water and its purification on the surface is low-efficient and expensive. New approaches are proposed for the in situ purification of soils and groundwater. To accelerate the oxidation, active substances atypical for the supergenesis zone are used: peroxides of metals and hydrogen. The efficiency of hydrogen peroxide significantly increases when the oxidation is catalyzed by Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ (Fenton reaction). The effects of Fe(III), sulfates, and carbon dioxide as electron acceptors are studied under anaerobic conditions (with oxygen deficit).     

商陆不同极性、根和茎提取物的抑菌性能分析

为探究商陆不同极性、部位提取物的抑菌性能,本实验分别从商陆根和茎中提取石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和水相4种不同极性的提取物,再采用滤纸片法测量提取物对大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphyloccocus aureus）、巨大芽孢杆菌（Bacillus megaterium）和副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyt-icus）4种细菌的抑制性能。结果表明,部分商陆的提取物有一定的抑菌活性,如根正丁醇相对巨大芽孢杆菌和副溶血弧菌,茎水相对副溶血弧菌的抑菌圈在10mm以上,但总体上商陆的提取物的抑菌性能远不及头孢氨苄好。实验还发现商陆抑菌活性最强的物质大都存在于根中,且抑菌活性最强的物质大都存在于水和正丁醇这种极性较高的溶剂的提取物中,不同提取物对不同细菌的抑菌活性情况不一致。因此本研究结果可以为商陆提取物抑菌性能的进一步探索提供参考。     

工程建设中产生的水土流失评估研究进展

随着工程建设数量和规模的不断扩大,工程建设产生的水土流失越来越严重。科学地评估和预测工程建设中产生的水土流失不仅为水土保持方案编制提供依据,而且为工程建设水土流失防治重点及其防治措施布局提供科学理论,因而具有十分重要的意义。详细的论述了工程建设对水土流失的影响及测定工程建设土壤侵蚀的方法,针对研究中存在的问题及薄弱点,提出了一些见解,并着重指出采用修正的土壤侵蚀方程(RUSLE)和GIS评估工程建设中产生的土壤侵蚀量将是今后的发展趋势。     

鸭血中SOD的提取及稳定性研究

为充分利用鸭血资源,以新鲜鸭血为原料,利用响应面分析法对鸭血中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的提取工艺进行优化,并初步研究了SOD在不同条件下的稳定性。结果表明,乙醇与氯仿的体积比4∶5,溶血球与沉淀剂的体积比1∶1,静置时间25.5 min,SOD比活为1 000.91 U/mg;在pH值4.0～6.0,50℃温度以下SOD具有良好的稳定性。     

Design Process Simulation Based On Information Dependency

A modeling method based on DSM is introduced. In circumstance of iterative task, the ways concerning about the input of data,the generation of stochastic variables and the set of the simulation clock are dipicted. While considering the learning curve of activities, the way is studied express the movable process of a single project and then list the corresponding Monte Carlo simulative block diagram .The program based of EXCEL VBA is also written. The result of a given simulative example shows that the method can simulate complex design activities and plan the project in terms of scientific basis.     

热泵干燥南美白对虾品质特性与玻璃化转变关系研究

针对南美白对虾热泵干燥过程中常出现物理、化学反应导致虾肉品质下降,而其机理又尚未明确的问题,采用静态称量法研究了南美白对虾肉的解吸等温线,利用差示扫描量热仪测定了虾肉的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。分别采用GAB模型与Gordon-Taylor方程拟合水分吸附与Tg数据。虾肉在热泵干燥温度35℃、风速1.5 m/s下进行干燥,每隔1.0 h取样,分析虾肉品质特性(色泽、收缩程度、硬度与韧性和虾青素质量比)。基于玻璃化转变理论,阐明虾肉热泵干燥品质变化机制。结果表明,虾肉热泵干燥过程中,基质处于橡胶态,体系流动性增加,导致干制品品质下降。     

A field study on the influence of soil ph on trace element levels in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and carrots (Daucus carota)

Soil pH is one of the main factors influencing the solubility and availability of trace elements in arable soils. Thus pH can affect the trace element contents of agricultural crops and thereby indirectly influence human health. The aim of this study was to determine Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Al and Se contents in spring wheat, potatoes and carrots (Cd, Ni and Zn) and estimate their correlations with certain soil factors (surface and subsurface soil pH and organic matter content) governing the plant availability of these elements. Commercial fields were sampled in Sweden in order to cover a wide range of soil types with respect to pH, soil texture and organic matter content. Concentrations of Zn, Mn, Ni (grain) and Cd (straw) in spring wheat (n=43); Cd, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cu and Al in potatoes (n=69); and Cd, Ni and Zn in carrots (n=36) showed significant negative correlations with surface soil pH (0–25 cm). The Se content of potatoes and Cr content of spring wheat straw were positively correlated with soil pH. Stepwise multiple regressions including a combination of soil pHs (0–25 and 25–50 cm) and organic matter contents (0–25 cm) showed that the organic matter content as well as the surface and subsurface soil pH significantly influenced concentrations of several trace elements in one or more of the studied crops. It was concluded that, if acid deposition together with other acidifying processes (fertilisation, harvest of biomass, etc.) are not balanced by a sufficient amount of liming there might be a decrease in the pH of arable soils, which, in turn will lead to decreased levels of Se in edible crops but an overall increase concentrations of other trace elements.     

植物篱种植模式及其在我国的研究和应用

植物篱种植模式作为一种坡地保护性耕作和持续利用技术,自20世纪70年代以来在热带地区研究和应用较为广泛,本文概述了我国近10余年来的研究和应用进展。这一模式在20世纪80年代中期进行了短暂的试验,20世纪90年代以来在金沙江干旱河谷地区和三峡地区结合当地实际需求和植物篱种植模式的特点,对植物篱种植模式进行了研究,使之适合我国山区和坡耕地的应用;对植物篱的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益均进行了较深入细致的试验、研究,并进行较大面积的示范和推广应用,同时引起了国内很多研究机构和应用部门的关注,尽管在1997年以后其它区域也随之进行了一些类似的试验和研究,但国内目前只有金沙江干旱河谷地区和三峡地区在研究和应用方面较系统和深入。最后还对国内在植物篱认识上的一些问题,以及需要进一步深入开展的工作进行了讨论。