北京山地森林生态服务功能评估

根据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》,采用北京市第六次森林资源清查数据、多年观测数据以及公共数据对北京市山地森林的生态服务功能进行评估。结果表明:北京山地森林生态服务功能价值为329.36亿元,各服务功能价值量大小依次为:涵养水源固碳释氧保育生物多样性净化大气森林游憩保育土壤营养物质积累。从涵养水源、积累营养物、保育土壤、净化大气环境、保育生物多样性、固碳释氧6项功能来看,北京山地各森林植被类型生态服务功能价值量排序为灌木林栎类林油松林经济林侧柏林阔叶混交林山杨林桦树林刺槐林落叶松林;从单位面积价值量来看,阔叶混交林所提供的生态服务功能年价值量最大,其次是栎类林,经济林提供的单位面积生态服务功能年价值量最小。     

锌、铜对水稻幼苗生长及超氧物歧化酶的影响

通过使用缺Ｃｕ或Ｚｎ与缺Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ的木村Ｂ营养液培养耐性品种ＩＲ８１９２—３２—２和敏感品种ＩＲ２６幼苗至七叶期，缺Ｃｕ的稻苗只是新生叶叶尖枯黄，扭曲。而缺Ｚｎ与缺Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ的稻苗叶脉间全部褪绿，根系衰退。缺Ｚｎ与缺Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ的稻苗叶绿素含量、根长、株高和可溶性蛋白含量显著低于对照，且不耐性品种降低的幅度大。凡是缺素培养的稻苗，根和叶的ＳＯＤ活性均显著减弱。     

苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中的检测方法及其残留动态研究

为了解苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中的残留状况及消解动态,建立了苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中的气相色谱分析方法,并在天津和安徽两地开展了为期两年的苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中残留状况和消解动态规律田间试验研究。结果表明,采用无水乙醇超声提取黄瓜和土壤中的苦参碱,使用大孔吸附树脂净化,甲醇定容,气相色谱带氮磷检测器(NPD)进行测定,外标法定量,在0.25～1.0mg·kg-1添加水平范围内,苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中的平均回收率为78.32%～98.06%,变异系数为3.72%～7.44%;黄瓜和土壤中苦参碱的最小检出量均为1.36×10-12g,最低检出浓度为0.004mg·kg-(1黄瓜)、0.008mg·kg-(1土壤)。田间试验结果表明,苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解动态符合方程Ct=C0e-kt;苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中的降解半衰期分别为5.19～7.24d和6.70～9.18d。在黄瓜中施用0.3%苦参碱乳油,其制剂施药量为0.18～0.27g·m-2,施药3～4次,两次施药间隔期为7d,距收获期为1d时,苦参碱在黄瓜中的残留量为0.1256～1.2071mg·kg-1,土壤中的残留量为0.0450～0.1837mg·kg-1。目前...     

水稻大穗形成机理的研究——穗肥施用时期对每穗颖花分化、退化和现存数的影响

在盆栽条件下以武育粳２号、盐粳２号两粳稻品种为材料，系统分析了不同时期施用穗肥对每穗颖花分化数、退化数和现存数及其相互关系的影响。结果表明，（１）促进一、二次颖花分化作用最大的时期分别是抽穗前３６、３１ｄ，对全穗颖花分化数促进作用最大的时期为抽穗前３１ｄ；（２）抽穗前４６～６ｄ施用穗肥均可显著降低颖花退化率，以抽穗前１６～２１ｄ施用穗肥对颖花退化数、退化率的降低幅度最大。一、二次颖花退化数分别与一、二次枝梗退化数呈极显著线性正相关关系，ｒ分别为０．９９２８＊＊、０．９９３７＊＊；（３）抽穗前４６～１１ｄ施用穗肥可显著增加每穗颖花现存数，以抽穗前３１ｄ处理每穗颖花现存数的增加幅度最大。每穗颖花现存数与每穗颖花分化数呈极显著线性正相关关系（ｒ＝０．９１５４＊＊）；（４）不同时期施用穗肥对抽穗期单茎干物重影响较小，对每克干物质形成现存颖花能力影响较大。     

堆肥制作中的生物化学变化特征

通过人模拟堆制和同位素交叉标记，研究了以稻草和禽畜类为主体材料的堆肥制作过程中的生物化学变化特征，结果表明：有机物料的分解初期（０～２５ｄ）的快速分解阶段和中后期（２５～９０ｄ）的缓慢分解阶段，不同材料组合中以稻草加鸡粪处理分解最快，堆肥制作过程中全碳，全主Ｃ／Ｎ比值不断下降，但全氮相对含量上升，以稻草加鸡粪处理最明显，堆肥制作过程中，碳，氮的腐殖化作用明显，不同材料组合，氮的微生物同化和矿化作用     

大肠癌p53的表达与病理、PCNA、CEA及p53、PCNA、CEA与淋巴结转移的关系

目的：研究大肠癌p53的表达与病理、增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）、癌胚抗原（CEA）及p53、PC-NA、CEA与淋巴结转移的关系。方法：应用链霉菌素-生物素（SP）免疫组化法，观察44例经病理确诊的大肠癌石腊标本中的p53表达、PCNA的阳性率和CEA的表达型式。结果：大肠癌p53阳性表达率为52．3％；大肠癌p53阳性表达与性别、年龄及肿瘤的部位、分化程度和湿润深度无关（P＞0．05），p53阳性表达者其淋巴结转移率较阴性者高（P＜0．05）；p53阳性表达及有淋巴结转移者其细胞增殖活性分别较p53阴性表达及无淋巴结转移者高（P＜0．05）；p53阳性表达及有淋巴结转移者其CEA表型均以胞浆型和间质型为主（P＜0．05）。结论：检测p53和PCNA表达及CEA表型对判断大肠癌的恶性程度、预测其林巴结转移趋势和预后及指导临床治疗有重要价值。     

核盘菌一些生理性状的观察

用８科１５种作物秸秆培养核盘菌所产生的菌核数量和消耗比差异很大，不同秸秆产生的菌核萌发情况也不尽相同。此外，菜瓜上产生的菌核在５～３０℃范围内均可萌发，萌发适宜温度为 ５～１５℃ ，以 １０℃ 最为适宜；菌核萌发产生子囊盘与光照强度关系密切，３００ ｌｘ时不产生子囊盘，５００ ｌｘ时菌核萌发后 １０ ｄ产生子囊盘率为 ５８． ８％，７６０ ｌｘ时菌核萌发后 ７ｄ产生子囊盘率为１００％。     

西南地区小麦种质资源白粉病抗性的全基因组关联分析

为了有效利用我国西南地区小麦抗白粉病种质资源,于2012―2013年在贵州贵阳、贵州赫章和四川绵阳以及2013―2014年在贵州贵阳对主要来自西南地区的120个小麦品种(系)进行了白粉病抗性鉴定,并利用小麦90K芯片进行全基因组关联分析。抗病性鉴定结果显示,36个品种(系)在四个环境下均表现出抗性,其中大部分品种(系)来自贵州省。全基因组关联分析发现,16个SNP位点与白粉病抗性显著相关,分别位于1A、1D、2A、3A、4B、5B、6A、6D和7B染色体上,其中位于6AS染色体重要区段上的3个SNP位点(Jagger_c4823_169、Tdurum_contig55201_928和Tdurum_contig12215.89)的遗传距离小于1cM,在四个环境中均与白粉病抗性显著相关。相关分析表明,这3个SNP位点与 Pm21分子标记(SCAR1265)紧密连锁。     

Chemical Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Study Yield Desotamide a Analogues with Improved Antibacterial Activity

Desotamides A, a cyclohexapeptide produced by the deep-sea-derived Streptomyces scopuliridis SCSIO ZJ46, displays notable antibacterial activities against strains of Streptococcus pnuemoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). In this study, to further explore its antibacterial potential and reveal the antibacterial structure-activity relationship of desotamides, 13 cyclopeptides including 10 new synthetic desotamide A analogues and wollamides B/B1/B2 were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activities against a panel of Gram-positive and -negative pathogens. The bioactivity data reveal that residues at position II and VI greatly impact antibacterial activity. The most potent antibacterial analogues are desotamide A4 (13) and A6 (15) where l-allo-Ile at position II was substituted with l-Ile and Gly at position VI was simultaneously replaced by d-Lys or d-Arg; desotamides A4 (13) and A6 (15) showed a 2–4-fold increase of antibacterial activities against a series of Gram-positive pathogens including the prevalent clinical drug-resistant pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with MIC values of 8–32 μg/mL compared to the original desotamide A. The enhanced antibacterial activity, broad antibacterial spectrum of desotamides A4 and A6 highlighted their potential as new antibiotic leads for further development.     

Agronomic performance of late-season rice under different tillage,straw, and nitrogen management

In double rice-cropping system in China, zero tillage in late-season rice with straw return from early season rice is an emerging technology for saving inputs, shortening the lag time between rice crops, avoiding straw burning, and conserving natural resources. The objective of this 2-year field study was to determine the effects of tillage and straw return on N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency of late-season rice. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four combinations of tillage and straw return as main plots and three N management practices as subplots. Tillage was either conventional soil puddling or zero tillage with newly harvested crop residue from early season rice either removed or placed on the soil surface without incorporation. The N treatments were zero-N control, site-specific N management (SSNM), and farmers’ N-fertilizer practice (FFP). Straw return regardless of tillage or N management did not reduce rice yield. In the second year, straw return significantly increased grain yield in the zero-N control. Chlorophyll meter readings at heading and total N uptake at maturity were higher with straw return in the zero-N control, suggesting that straw provides nutrients to rice in the late growing period. Zero tillage did not reduce N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency compared with conventional tillage. Despite large differences in timing and rate of N application between FFP and SSNM, these two N treatments resulted in comparable N uptake and grain yield of late-season rice regardless of tillage and straw return. These results suggest that zero tillage after early rice with straw return could replace conventional tillage for late rice in the double rice-cropping system in China.