Making Use of Guava Seed (Psidium guajava L): The Effects of Pre-treatments on Its Chemical Composition

The guava processing industry in Malaysia produces by-products in the form of seed core and peel. These by-products can be regarded as underused resources but there are concerns about their composition that prevent their use in the food and feed industries. This study aims to analyze the respective effects of heat treatments (boiling or autoclaving) and germination periods on the nutritional composition and phytochemical content of guava seeds. The guava seeds were found to contain 618, 78, 72, and 5 mg/g dry weight total dietary fiber, fat, protein, and ash, respectively. The tannin and saponin contents, but not the phytic acid content, were below the respective anti-nutritional thresholds. The heat treatments did not affect the total dietary fiber and ash contents but reduced all other chemical components to different extents (15–91 %). Boiling did not reduce the phytic acid content substantially but autoclaving caused a reduction of 91 % to a level below the anti-nutritional threshold. Germination for 14 days caused a significant reduction in nutrient contents in the range of 16–79 %. Germination also reduced the phytic acid content by 90 % in the seed but did not significantly affect the saponin content. Thus, guava seed can be treated thermally or germinated to manipulate its chemical composition to enable its use in the food and feed industries.     

大豆磷脂及其应用

大豆作为我国主要的粮食作物之一,在黑龙江省有广泛的种植,它含有丰富的生理活性物质。大豆磷脂是在豆油精炼加工中提取的纯天然产品,在食品、医药、畜牧等方面已被大量应用。     

白砂糖贮存期质量管理的体会

受原料甘蔗生长规律的影响 ,除了极少数从事炼糖生产的糖厂之外 ,绝大多数制糖企业都是季节性地生产白砂糖。产品从生产到销售出去 ,往往要经历几个月甚至一年的贮存期。白糖贮存质量的好坏 ,直接影响到其销售 ,影响到企业的经济效益。如何提高白砂糖仓贮质量 ,防止变质、降级 ,避免客户投诉 ,是值得众多糖厂共同研究的课题。1　贮存期白砂糖常见的质量变化1 .1　色值增加 ,俗称“返黄”。白砂糖在存放过程中 ,其所含非糖杂质 (如酚类物质、铁化合物等 )易受空气氧化而使色泽逐渐变黄。白砂糖返黄的机理是比较复杂的 ,霍汉镇对此有较系统的…     

饲料溶菌酶添加水平对氨氮应激下吉富罗非鱼血清生化指标、抗菌性能和肝脏抗氧化能力的影响

为研究氨氮应激下溶菌酶对吉富罗非鱼血清生化指标、抗菌性能及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响,用6种不同溶菌酶添加水平(0、18、36、54、72和90 mg/kg)的饲料(分别记为L0、L18、L36、L54、L72和L90)饲喂初始均重为(11.35±0.08)g的罗非鱼60 d,之后应用氯化铵进行24 h氨氮应激实验。结果显示:1应激后,各组鱼的血清生化指标在组间存在较大差异(P0.05),不同溶菌酶添加水平下的鱼体对氨氮应激产生了不同的响应机制。L54组鱼主要通过激发免疫系统并调节蛋白质代谢来抵抗氨氮浓度突变;L72和L90组鱼主要通过调节高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白、胆固醇和甘油三酯之间的动态变化来缓解氨氮对机体的应激。2血清抗菌实验表明,L54和L72组鱼对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和嗜水气单胞菌的抑制能力最大,且显著高于对照组(P0.05);L36~L90组对溶藻弧菌的抑制作用显著高于对照组和L18组(P0.05);各溶菌酶添加组的鱼对枯草芽孢杆菌具有不同程度的保护作用。3应激后肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性随溶菌酶添加水平的增加总体呈现先升后降的变化趋势,L54组显著高于对照组(P0.05);各添加组丙二醛含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,54和72mg/kg溶菌酶添加水平对氨氮应激下吉富罗非鱼的血清生化指标、抗菌活性和肝脏抗氧化指标产生了最积极有效的调控,能够增强鱼体的抗应激能力。     

Effects of antimicrobial peptides on growth,feed utilization,serum biochemical indices and disease resistance of juvenile shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

This experiment was conducted to assess the effects of antimicrobial peptides at different levels (Diet 1 (0%), Diet 2 (0.1%), Diet 3 (0.2%), Diet 4 (0.4%), Diet 5 (0.6%) and Diet 6 (1%)), on growth, serum biochemical indices and antioxidant effect, feed utilization and disease resistance in Litopeneaus vannamei. There were four replicates in each group in the experiment (mean weight = 0.21 ± 0.00 g) and also fed with their respective diets for 8 weeks. Growth performance compared with the control group (0%) significantly increased at first and then decreased among treatment groups (p < .05) whereas the survival rate ranged from 78% to 96%. No significant differences were observed in terms of moisture, crude protein and ash content, but there was a significant increase in crude lipid (p < .05). In serum, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, polyphenol oxidase, triglyceride, glucose and total cholesterol changed as compared with 0%. Total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde were also different from 0%. Disease resistance was increased in shrimp among treatment groups with 0.4% recording the lowest mortality percentage of 37% after the challenge test. The results from the present study suggested that supplementation of AMP at 0.4% in shrimp diet can improve growth performance, antioxidants activities and innate immune response of Pacific whiteleg shrimp.     

Nitrate removal efficiency and bacterial community of polycaprolactone-packed bioreactors treating water from a recirculating aquaculture system

A denitrification reactor packed with polycaprolactone (PCL) as a carbon source and biofilm carrier was developed to remove nitrate nitrogen (\( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} \)) from the water of a recirculating aquaculture system for 115 days. The hydraulic retention time was set to 6 h, and the water flow rate was 0.95 L h^?1. The removal rates of \( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} \) ranged from 34.67 to 155.7 g \( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} \) m^?3 day^?1 when the effluent \( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} \) concentrations ranged between 1.62 and 72.25 mg L^?1. No obvious changes in the Fourier transform infrared spectra of the PCL before and after use were observed. Bacterial community structure in the biofilm of the PCL granules was analyzed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were predominant in the biofilm, with relative abundances of 63.9 and 27.4%, respectively. Three genera, Acidovorax, Azospira, and Diaphorobacter, were capable of both denitrification and PCL degradation. This study indicates that PCL-packed reactors may be used and optimized for removing nitrate from aquaculture effluents.     

脂多糖对大黄鱼原代头肾巨噬细胞的激活作用

为了揭示硬骨鱼C型凝集素受体 (C-type lectin receptor,CTLR)的生物学功能,实验以从大黄鱼转录组数据库中筛选出的一个CTLR基因—C型凝集素结构域家族4成员E基因 (Clec4e)为研究对象,研究其分子特征、表达分布和凝集特性。结果显示,LcClec4e cDNA全长1 546 bp,开放阅读框 (ORF)771 bp,编码254个氨基酸。LcClec4e的N端有一个跨膜区,无信号肽,C端含有一个糖识别结构域 (CRD),其中含有糖结合位点EPN和WFD以及6个可形成二硫键的保守半胱氨酸。系统发育分析表明,LcClec4e与多种鲈形目鱼类Clec4e具有较近的亲缘关系。荧光定量PCR结果显示,LcClec4e在所检测的10种组织中呈组成型分布,且在肝脏中表达量最高;LcClec4e在来源于大黄鱼头肾组织的原代巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞和粒细胞中均有表达,且在巨噬细胞中表达量最高;经灭活溶藻弧菌刺激后,LcClec4e在3种免疫细胞中的表达均极显著上调。原核表达的重组LcClec4e胞外段 (recombinant LcClec4e-extracellular domain,rLcClec4e-ex)具有Ca²⁺依赖性的凝集活性,可凝集小鼠、家兔的红细胞,以及嗜水气单胞菌、变形假单胞菌、溶藻弧菌和坎氏弧菌等4种水产常见的革兰氏阴性菌。D-葡萄糖、D-果糖、D-甘露糖、D-麦芽糖、α-乳糖和脂多糖均可抑制rLcClec4e-ex对大黄鱼重要病原菌变形假单胞菌的凝集作用,说明LcClec4e可能与变形假单胞菌表面的糖类物质结合。上述结果提示,LcClec4e可能作为一种模式识别受体,通过结合病原菌表面的糖类病原体相关分子模式来识别病原,参与大黄鱼抗细菌感染的免疫防御。

     

中国6种经济鱼类的基因组大小测定

采用流式细胞术,以人(Homo sapiens)淋巴细胞DNA含量(7.00pg/2C)为标准,以鱼的红血细胞为材料,测定中国6种重要经济鱼类条纹斑竹鲨(Chiloscyllium plagiosum)、斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)、赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)、大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)、中华乌塘鳢(Bostrichthys sinensis)、大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)的基因组大小(C-值)。结果显示,这6种经济鱼类的单倍体DNA含量分别为:条纹斑竹鲨(4.91±0.24)pg;斜带石斑鱼(1.25±0.04)pg;赤点石斑鱼(1.23±0.11)pg;大黄鱼(0.76±0.03)pg;中华乌塘鳢(0.85±0.04)pg;大菱鲆(0.65±0.01)pg。研究结果可为这6种经济鱼类的种质鉴定提供依据。此外,根据本研究的实验结果并结合其他鱼类的基因组大小资料,对鱼类基因组大小与其染色体数目及进化地位之间的相关性进行了探讨,对比分析显示,鱼类进化地位越高则DNA含量越少,同时鱼类基因组的大小差异存在复杂性,并不完全与染色体数目相关。本研究还就鱼类基因组大小的测定方法等问题提出建议,认为应采用流式细胞术和人淋巴细胞作为规范的检测方法和对照标准。     

几种松树挥发物对松材线虫行为的影响

通过室内生测的方法,研究了几种主要的松树挥发物对松材线虫行为的影响.结果表明,α-异松油烯、β-水芹烯、β-蒎烯抑制松材线虫繁殖,其中α-异松油烯、β-水芹烯抑制力较强,β-蒎烯抑制力较弱,而β-月桂烯、反式-石竹烯、莰烯、异长叶烯和α-蒎烯对线虫繁殖没有影响.β-水芹烯和莰烯具有杀松材线虫活性,β-蒎烯和β-月桂烯增强松材线虫活力,而异长叶烯、α-蒎烯、反式-石竹烯对线虫存活没有影响.β-蒎烯、反式-石竹烯、异长叶烯、莰烯对松材线虫具引诱作用,其中β-蒎烯引诱力最强,反式-石竹烯次之,异长叶烯、莰烯引诱力最弱,而α-蒎烯、β-水芹烯、α-异松油烯和β-月桂烯对线虫无引诱作用.并对几种挥发物在松树抗松材线虫病中的作用进行了讨论.