Measured and estimated water use and crop coefficients of grapevines trained to overhead trellis systems in California’s San Joaquin Valley

The use of overhead trellis systems for the production of dry-on-vine (DOV) raisins and table grapes in California is expanding. Studies were conducted from 2006 to 2009 using Thompson Seedless grapevines grown in a weighing lysimeter trained to an overhead arbor trellis and farmed as DOV raisins for the first two years and for use as table grapes thereafter. Maximum canopy coverage for the two lysimeter vines across years was in excess of 80 %. Seasonal (15 March–31 October) evapotranspiration for the lysimeter vines (ET_Lys) was 952 mm in 2007 (farmed as DOV raisins) and 943 and 952 mm (when farmed as table grapes). The maximum crop coefficient (K _cLys) across all 4 years ranged from 1.3 to 1.4. These maximum values were similar to those estimated using the relationship where K _c is a function of the amount of shaded area measured beneath the canopy at solar noon (K _c = 0.017 × percent shaded area). Covering the lysimeter’s soil surface with plastic (and then removing it) numerous times during the 2009 growing season (1 June–14 September) reduced ET_Lys from an average of 6.4 to 5.6 mm day^?1 and the K _c from 1.07 to 0.93. A seasonal basal K _c (K _cb) was calculated for grapevines using an overhead trellis system with a 13 % reduction in the K _cLys across the growing season.     

Crop response of drought-tolerant and conventional maize hybrids in a semiarid environment

In the High Plains, corn (Zea mays L.) is an important commodity for livestock feed. However, limited water resources and drought conditions continue to hinder corn production. Drought-tolerant (DT) corn hybrids could help maintain high yields under water-limited conditions, though consistent response of such hybrids is unverified. In this two-year study, the effects of three irrigation treatments were investigated for a DT and conventional maize hybrid, Pioneer AQUAMax P0876HR and Pioneer 33Y75, respectively. In 2013, the drier of the 2 years, irrigation amounts and crop water use (ET_c) were greater for the conventional hybrid, but grain water use efficiency (WUE) and harvest index were significantly greater for the DT hybrid. In 2014, grain yields and WUE were not significantly different between hybrids. However, irrigation amounts, ET_c and biomass yields were greater for the conventional hybrid. Results from both years indicate that the DT hybrid required less water to maximize grain yield as compared to the conventional hybrid. Producing relatively high yields with reduced amounts of water may provide a means for producers to continue corn production in a semiarid environment with declining water supplies.     

探农垦农机持续发展之路

随着全国农村改革的深化、科技兴农战略的顺利实施,广大农村的农机化在迅猛发展,农垦农机如何持续发展,如何进一步发挥在全国农机化工作中的试验、示范和带头作用;如何进一步推动农垦事业的发展,在社会主义经济建设中发挥更大的作用,这是每一个农垦农机工作者,在工作中所面临的最实际的问题。1分析优势和不足2.1在农机经济体制改革方面农垦农机体制改革动作快、力度大。目前已实现了农垦农机产权的变更,形成了多元化经济结构的格局,体现了农垦农机人员整体政治素质高的优势。但对农机改制后深层次问题的研究和探讨不足,甚至在一部分农场产生…     

Modeling soil water dynamics in a drip-irrigated intercropping field under plastic mulch

Intercropping, drip irrigation, and the use of plastic mulch are important management practices, which can, when utilized simultaneously, increase crop production and save irrigation water. Investigating soil water dynamics in the root zone of the intercropping field under such conditions is essential in order to understand the combined effects of these practices and to promote their wider use. However, not much work has been done to investigate soil water dynamics in the root zone of drip-irrigated, strip intercropping fields under plastic mulch. Three field experiments with different irrigation treatments (high T1, moderate T2, and low T3) were conducted to evaluate soil water contents (SWC) at different locations, for different irrigation treatments, and with respect to dripper lines and plants (corn and tomatoes). Experimental data were then used to calibrate the HYDRUS (2D/3D) model. Comparison between experimental data and model simulations showed that HYDRUS (2D/3D) described different irrigation events and SWC in the root zone well, with average relative errors of 10.8, 9.5, and 11.6 % for irrigation treatments T1, T2, and T3, respectively, and with corresponding root mean square errors of 0.043, 0.035, and 0.040 cm³ cm^?3, respectively. The results showed that the SWC in the shallow root zone (0–40 cm) was lower under non-mulched locations than under mulched locations, irrespective of the irrigation treatment, while no significant differences in the SWC were observed in the deeper root zone (40–100 cm). The SWC in the shallow root zone was significantly higher for the high irrigation treatment (T1) than for the low irrigation treatment, while, again, no differences were observed in the deeper root zone. Simulations of two-dimensional SWC distributions revealed that the low irrigation treatment (T3) produced serious severe water stress (with SWCs near the wilting point) in the 30–40 cm part of the root zone, and that using separate drip emitter lines for each crop is well suited for producing the optimal soil water distribution pattern in the root zone of the intercropping field. The results of this study can be very useful in designing an optimal irrigation plan for intercropped fields.     

电动助力转向系统转向性能的客观评价

针对电动助力转向的结构特点，分析了电动助力转向对汽车转向性能的影响，提出从转向轻便性、转向回正性、转向盘中间位置区域性能、转向盘振动、随动灵敏度和助力特性等方面进行电动助力转向系统转向性能的客观评价，并探讨了相应的评价指标，对电动助力转向助力控制规律、基本设计参数以及相关试验标准的确定有指导意义。     

氯霉素合成废水厌氧生物处理的研究

对氯霉素合成废水的厌氧生物处理作了研究。结果表明：（１）氯霉素合成废水的平均ＣＯＤ浓度高达３０６ｇ／Ｌ，但平均ＢＯＤ５浓度仅为７７２ｇ／Ｌ。ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ比值为０２５３。从ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ比值和降解动力学来评定，氯霉素废水属于生物处理可行性较难的工业废水。（２）石灰兼备中和酸性与去除一定量ＣＯＤ的双重作用，可用于该废水的预处理。（３）由于基质的抑制性，在反应器的操作中，应将废水ＣＯＤ浓度控在６０００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下。（４）反应器的运试结果良好。平均水力停留时间１００天；平均进水ＣＯＤ浓度４６１３ｍｇ／Ｌ；平均出水ＣＯＤ浓度１０６７ｍｇ／Ｌ；平均ＣＯＤ去除率７７％；ＢＯＤ５去除率达９５％以上；平均容积ＣＯＤ负荷和容积产气率分别为４６７ｋｇ／（ｍ３ｄ）和０９９ｍ３／（ｍ３ｄ），沼气的甲烷含量为７２％。     

Sensitivity analysis of optimal operation of irrigation supply systems with water quality considerations

A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l^–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%.     

秸秆揉切机用刀片磨损的研究

对9RZ-60型揉切机用刀片进行了磨损试验,探讨了刀片材料、作业对象、装机位置和刃口形式对刀片磨损的影响,对65Mn、T10和Crl2MoV三种材料的刀片磨损表面形貌进行了微观分析,指出加工羊草时,刀片材料为主要影响因素,加工玉米秸和豆秸时,刃口形式为主要影响因素。刀片加工秸秆的磨损形式是以抛光磨损为主,辅之以硬杂质造成的磨料磨损。     

“WaterMan”: an on-farm water management game with heuristic capabilities

A modern computer-based simulation tool (WaterMan) in the form of a game for on-farm water management was developed for application in training events for farmers, students, and irrigators. The WaterMan game utilizes an interactive framework, thereby allowing the user to develop scenarios and test alternatives in a convenient, risk-free environment. It includes a comprehensive soil water and salt balance calculation algorithm. It also employs heuristic capabilities for modeling all of the important aspects of on-farm water management, and to provide quantitative performance evaluations and practical water management advice to the trainees. Random events (both favorable and unfavorable) and different strategic decisions are included in the game for more realism and to provide an appropriate level of challenge according to player performance. Thus, the ability to anticipate the player skill level, and to reply with random events appropriate to the anticipated level, is provided by the heuristic capabilities used in the software. These heuristic features were developed based on a combination of two artificial intelligence approaches: (1) a pattern recognition approach and (2) reinforcement learning based on a Markov decision processes approach, specifically the Q-learning method. These two approaches were combined in a new way to account for the difference in the effect of actions taken by the player and action taken by the system in the game world. The reward function for the Q-learning method was modified to reflect the suggested classification of the WaterMan game as what is referred to as a partially competitive and partially cooperative game.     

基于视觉测量的挖掘机工作装置姿态测量系统

提出了一种基于视觉测量的挖掘机工作装置姿态测量方法。使用工业相机获取工作装置侧视图像,采用鞍点检测方法快速捕捉工作臂上的人工靶标;将靶标间的固定几何尺寸关系作为约束条件筛选出靶标中的鞍点并计算相应工作臂的姿态角;通过预判靶标的运动范围以缩小图像检测区域,提高算法处理速度。试验表明,与挖掘机上原有的拉线传感器测量系统相比较,动臂和斗杆姿态角动态测量偏差分别小于1°和2°,处理每帧工作装置运动图像平均用时在100 ms以内,验证了该方法对挖掘机工作装置姿态测量的可行性。