超声波辅助提取番木瓜提取液抗氧化活性研究

采用DPPH自由基清除率研究超声波辅助提取番木瓜乙醇提取液的抗氧化能力。主要研究提取温度、提取时间和提取功率对番木瓜乙醇提取液抗氧化活性的影响,并且以DPPH.清除率最大值为衡量标志,采用单因素和正交试验结合确定最佳提取条件,同时测定了番木瓜乙醇提取液中总多糖、总黄酮和总多酚的含量,研究了番木瓜乙醇提取液中总多糖、总黄酮和总多酚的含量和DPPH.清除率的相关性。通过正交试验研究得到的结论为:对以无水乙醇为溶剂番木瓜提取液,以DPPH.清除率最大为抗氧化活性衡量标准超声辅助提取最佳工艺条件为:提取时间30 min,提取温度40℃,超声功率为600W;3个因素对番木瓜乙醇提取液DPPH.清除率影响程度为:提取时间>提取温度>超声功率。番木瓜乙醇提取液的总多糖、总黄酮和总多酚含量与DPPH.清除率无可循相关性。     

Excess dietary cholesterol may have an adverse effect on growth performance of early post-larval Litopenaeus vannamei

One experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of cholesterol for post-larval shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets supplemented with four levels of cholesterol (D1, D2, D3 and D4 with 0, 0.5%, 1% and 2% cholesterol, respectively) were fed to triplicate groups of L. vannamei shrimp (mean initial wet weight 0.8 mg) for 27 days. After the trial, shrimp fed the D1 diet had the best growth performance (final body weights: FBW; weight gain: WG; specific growth rate: SGR), while there was no significant difference between diet treatments with respect to survival. The whole body crude protein level in the shrimp decreased with the increase in dietary cholesterol levels, while the whole body crude lipid level in shrimps in the D4 diet treatment was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in other diet treatments. Dietary analysis indicated that the D1 diet contained 0.92% cholesterol prior to supplementation, which may have satisfied the dietary cholesterol requirement of post-larval L. vannamei; excess dietary cholesterol may thus lead to adverse effects on the growth performance of post-larval shrimp.     

Rapid evolution of Ophraella communa cold tolerance in new low-temperature environments

Low winter temperatures severely stress newly arriving insect species. Adaptive evolutionary changes in cold tolerance can facilitate their establishment in new environments. Ambrosia artemisiifolia, a noxious invasive plant, occurs throughout China. Ophraella communa, a biological control agent of A. artemisiifolia, mainly occurs in southern China. However, in 2012, it established populations in Beijing (39.98°N, 115.97°E) following introduction from Laibin (23.62°N, 109.37°E), implying cold adaptation. The mechanisms underlying its rapid evolution of cold tolerance remain unknown. We investigated the levels of cryoprotectants and energy reserves in adult O. communa from two latitudes. In high-latitude insects, we found high trehalose, proline, glycerol, total sugar, and lipid levels; five potential genes (Tret1a, Tret1b, Tret1-2, P5CS, and GST), responsible for regulating cold tolerance and involved in trehalose transport, proline biosynthesis, and glutathione S-transferase activation, were highly expressed. These hybridisation changes could facilitate cold temperature adaptation. We demonstrate the genetic basis underlying rapid adaptation of cold tolerance in O. communa, explaining its extension to higher latitudes. Thus, specialist herbivores can follow host plants by adapting to new temperature environments via rapid genetic evolution.

     

小麦对赤霉病抗性鉴定指标的探讨

连续3年用单花注滴法接种,考察了穗轴发病时间、病小穗数和穗轴病节片数3个抗性指标。结果表明,病小穗数这一指标能较明确地划分出高抗、中抗、感病3种类型,且稳定性最好。以病小穗数作为主要的抗病性鉴定指标,再参考穗轴病节片数,对小麦品种抗病性的评价及育种材料抗病性的鉴定较为准确、实用。     

Gene flow from transgenic roundup-ready soybean to wild soybean

A study was conducted in the field of the Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu province from July 2000 to August 2003. The transgenic roundup-ready soybean was sown in the middle of the field in a circular manner for 5 circles, with the distance of 3 m, from one circle to another. Then the wild soybean was planted in plots as the rays of the circles in 8 directions （N, E, W, S, NE, NW, SE and SW）, spaced every 5 m until 50 m. Each plot comprised 25 plants. In the second year, the wild soybean seeds from the first year were planted in the field together with the original wild soybean as check. Before flowering time, high concentrations of roundups （about 4-5 times of the normal dose） were sprayed on the plants and the surviving plants were identified. The leaves were taken to the lab for DNA extraction to determine the unique DNA for roundup-ready soybean （CTAB method）. About 2% of the plants survived, but some leaves were yellow. One plant of wild soybean was found to have the roundup-ready gene from the original roundup-ready soybean. The other surviving wild soybeans should also had some fragments of the roundup tolerance gene. However, the DNA bands were not very clear in the PCR map.     

农村畜禽疫病防控存在问题及解决方案

畜禽防疫工作事关人们身体健康、畜禽行业健康稳定发展。该文分析农村畜禽疫病防控现存问题,提出相应的对策。     

南平烟区植烟土壤氯的烤烟适宜指标研究

为探索南平烟区在烟-稻轮作下植烟土壤氯的烤烟适宜指标,通过盆栽和田间试验,研究土壤氯水平对烟株氯含量与其分配、干物质积累及土壤氯变化的影响。结果表明,当土壤氯含量＞10 mg/kg时,烟株氯与土壤氯呈极显著线性正相关;当土壤氯含量＜10 mg/kg时,土壤氯对烟株氯的影响较小。随土壤氯水平提高,烟株干物质积累量呈抛物线型,烟株吸收的氯显著增加,且更多地分配到叶片中。适量施氯,盆栽烟稻轮作后或大田烤烟收获后,耕作层土壤氯含量已降至基本一致的水平,残氯量与施氯量多少无关;犁底层和心土层氯含量却随施氯量增加而极显著增大。南平烟区植烟土壤氯适宜含量指标为25~35 mg/kg。在土壤氯含量平均为(20.22±17.22) mg/kg的现状下,可以施用氯化钾22.5~69.3 kg/hm2,使烤烟种植当季土壤氯含量提高到适宜水平,满足优质烟叶生产需要。     

山茱萸种子休眠的破除与试管萌发

本文研究了山茱萸种子的吸水性,并用切端露胚法、浓硫酸处理、不同激素种类及浓度处理和低温层积两个半月后分别在培养皿中、土壤中、盛有湿沙的营养钵中及试管中进行种子萌发的试验,结果表明山茱萸种子休眠的原因除种皮限制;胚未完成后熟或胚未完全发育;种皮中有抑制物质外还有土壤基质透气性差及其机械阻力的因素.     

Risk-based surveillance for H5N1 avian influenza virus in wild birds in Great Britain

Recent outbreaks of the H5N1 strain of avian influenza in Europe have highlighted the need for continuous surveillance and early detection to reduce the likelihood of a major outbreak in the commercial poultry industry. In Great Britain (gb), one possible route by which H5N1 could be introduced into domestic poultry is through migratory wild birds from Europe and Asia. Extensive monitoring data on the 24 wild bird species considered most likely to introduce the virus into GB, and analyses of local poultry populations, were used to develop a risk profile to identify the areas where H5N1 is most likely to enter and spread to commercial poultry. The results indicate that surveillance would be best focused on areas of Norfolk, Suffolk, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, south-west England and the Welsh borders, with areas of lower priority in Anglesey, south-west Wales, north-east Aberdeenshire and the Firth of Forth area of Scotland. These areas have significant poultry populations including a large number of free-range flocks, and a high abundance of the 24 wild bird species.