Specific Responses of Soil Microbial Residue Carbon to Long-Term Mineral Fertilizer Applications to Reddish Paddy Soils

Mineral nutrient inputs to soil may alter microbial activity and consequently influence the accumulation of microbial residues. In this study, we investigated the effects of application rates and ratios of mineral fertilizers on the microbial residue carbon(MRC) of reddish paddy soils after long-term(15-year) fertilizer applications in southern China. Contents of three soil amino sugars as microbial residue contents were determined and MRC were calculated based on amino sugars. Results showed that three individual amino sugar contents increased as fertilizer application rates increased until maximum values were reached at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). The three amino sugar contents then declined significantly under the highest mineral fertilizer application rate of 675-88-280 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K). In addition, to enhance the microbial residue contents, it was more beneficial to double P(N:P:K= 1:0.26:0.41) in fertilizers applied to the P-deficient reddish paddy soils than to double either N(N:P:K = 2:0.13:0.41) or K(N:P:K= 1:0.13:0.82). The contents of the three individual amino sugars and microbial residues under different fertilizer application rates and ratios were significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon(SOC), total N, total P, and p H. Increases in values of the fungal C to bacterial C ratios showed that soil organic matter(SOM) stability increased because of the fertilizer applications over the past 15 years. The contents and ratios of amino sugars can be used as indicators to evaluate the impact of mineral fertilizer applications on SOM dynamics in subtropical paddy soils. The results indicated that fertilizer applications at a rate of 450-59-187 kg ha~(-1) year~(-1)(N-P-K) may improve crop yields, SOC contents, and SOC stability in subtropical paddy soils.     

1株对多种害虫高活性的苏云金杆菌Bt CYZ-4

通过生物测定得到了对多种重要农林害虫高活性的苏云金杆菌菌株Bt CYZ-4,对其基因型鉴定表明:该菌株基因型较丰富.该菌株对粘虫(Mythimna separata)初孵幼虫48h LC50为6.6×106个/mL(芽孢密度);对美国白蛾(Hyphantria cunea)、甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)和棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)初孵幼虫72h LC50分别为2.9×106、2.25×105和4.7×106个/mL;对林业害虫杨扇舟蛾(Clostera anachoreta)二龄幼虫72h LC50为1.7×106个/mL,同时该菌株对卫生害虫淡色库蚊(Culex pipiens paliens)也表现出较好的活性,24h LC50为2.01×105个/mL.利用cry1、cry2、cry3、cry7、cry8、cry9和vip3A基因引物对该菌株进行基因型鉴定,并对其扩增片段进行限制性酶切分析,结果表明,该菌株含有cry1Ac、cry1Ab、cry2Ab和vip3A基因,不存在cry3、cry7、cry8、cry9基因,其它基因型仍有待鉴定.SDS-PAGE分析表明,晶体蛋白质的分子质量主要为130、70、57、27ku,营养期为88ku.该菌株是一株具有应用潜力的Bt野生株.     

制浆生物技术的研究与工业应用

综述了制浆工业中生物技术研究的发展简史，务类酶制剂在制浆工业中的研究与应用概况，着重介绍了当前制浆生物技术研究热点这一的木聚糖酶的研究与应用。同时简介了制浆生物技术的研究进展。     

基于3S的哈尔滨市城区绿地现状分析

为了解、研究哈尔滨市区的绿化现状,给城市决策者在长期规划时提供良好的理论支持,达到城市生态环境建设的要求,利用3S技术与外业调查相结合的方法,对哈尔滨市的3条环线区域和5个市级行政区绿地的现状进行了分析,结果表明:哈尔滨市区中公园绿地为城市绿地的39%,占绝大部分,居民区绿地的建设规模较小,为6%;从乔木、灌木以及草本的比例结构中可以看出,草本植物所占比例较大,为19%。植被单一出现情况比较多,单一草本面积占绿地百分比较高,乔灌草混交类型这种城市中比较合理的绿化方式在哈尔滨城市绿化过程中应用较少,有待改进。     

Spatial epidemiological approaches to inform leptospirosis surveillance and control: A systematic review and critical appraisal of methods

Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic disease that the transmission is driven by complex geographical and temporal variation in demographics, animal hosts and socioecological factors. This results in complex challenges for the identification of high‐risk areas. Spatial and temporal epidemiological tools could be used to support leptospirosis control programs, but the adequacy of its application has not been evaluated. We searched literature in six databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, SciELO and Zoological Record to systematically review and critically assess the use of spatial and temporal analytical tools for leptospirosis and to provide general framework for its application in future studies. We reviewed 115 articles published between 1930 and October 2018 from 41 different countries. Of these, 65 (56.52%) articles were on human leptospirosis, 39 (33.91%) on animal leptospirosis and 11 (9.5%) used data from both human and animal leptospirosis. Spatial analytical (n = 106) tools were used to describe the distribution of incidence/prevalence at various geographical scales (96.5%) and to explored spatial patterns to detect clustering and hot spots (33%). A total of 51 studies modelled the relationships of various variables on the risk of human (n = 31), animal (n = 17) and both human and animal infection (n = 3). Among those modelling studies, few studies had generated spatially structured models and predictive maps of human (n = 2/31) and animal leptospirosis (n = 1/17). In addition, nine studies applied time‐series analytical tools to predict leptospirosis incidence. Spatial and temporal analytical tools have been greatly utilized to improve our understanding on leptospirosis epidemiology. Yet the quality of the epidemiological data, the selection of covariates and spatial analytical techniques should be carefully considered in future studies to improve usefulness of evidence as tools to support leptospirosis control. A general framework for the application of spatial analytical tools for leptospirosis was proposed.     

设施蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染分析及防治研究

目前我国蔬菜基地化栽培已很普遍,随着种植年限的增加以及温室特有的环境和种植方式,土壤出现了各种问题,其中重金属污染严重。本文综述了重金属污染现状,各种污染金属的来源,重金属对蔬菜品质产生的影响,并着重阐述了重金属污染的防治方法。     

CZDM膜制氮机组降氧工艺与氧气浓度变化规律研究

对CZDM膜制氮机组降氧工艺与氧气浓度变化规律进行了研究,利用CZDM膜制氮机纽产生的低氧浓度气体,采用一系列降氧工艺使试验仓粮堆内的氧气浓度从20.9%降低到2.0%共用去408 h.各工艺阶段粮堆平均氮气(氧气)浓度变化与该工艺前粮堆平均氮气(氧气)浓度和该工艺充入粮堆氮气浓度差成正比.本研究结果为开展低氧防治储粮害虫技术的应用提供了参考依据.     

储藏玉米实仓低氧防治储粮害虫研究

使用膜降氧机组在储藏4900 t玉米的高大平房仓开展低氧防治储粮害虫实仓试验,该仓气密性为-300 Pa半衰期为275.3 s±1.2 s,将粮仓氧气浓度降至2%,经过新收获玉米粮堆的自然降氧,使粮堆中氧气浓度一直维持在1%以下超过15 d,期间二氧化碳浓度升高至3%～5.4%,散气后检查人为放置于粮堆内部的布袋试虫茏中的试虫死亡率,赤拟谷盗、锯谷盗、谷蠹、米象和玉米象的成虫100%死亡,杂拟谷盗成虫的死亡率为93.8%,通过粮堆取样检查,原发生在粮堆内的害虫基本全部死亡.培养30 d后检查各个布袋试虫笼,各虫笼均无活虫存在.因此,实仓试验取得良好的防治效果,低氧防治储粮害虫具有良好实用前景.     

弧槽双螺旋式排肥器优化设计与试验

为实现排肥器的精量排肥,对采用错位叠加单螺旋排肥曲线原理的弧槽双螺旋式排肥器的排肥性能进行理论分析,确定其排肥量及影响其排肥性能的因素,以螺距S、弧槽半径Rp、中心距a为试验因素,并以均匀性变异系数、施肥精度为试验指标,进行了三因素三水平Box-Behnken试验,得到最优参数：螺距S为35mm,弧槽半径Rp为17.5mm,中心距a为35mm,在最优参数组合下制作排肥器并进行台架验证试验与对比试验,试验结果表明：台架试验的均匀性变异系数、施肥精度与仿真试验相对误差分别为5.07%、4.69%,仿真与台架试验吻合度较好,对比试验结果表明：优化后弧槽双螺旋式排肥器施肥精度为3.35%,施肥精度较高,优化后弧槽双螺旋式排肥器较未优化弧槽双螺旋式排肥器、单螺旋排肥器均匀性变异系数分别降低7.26、15.48个百分点,优化后的弧槽双螺旋式排肥器排肥性能良好。