丛生竹林下竹荪富硒菌棒覆土栽培技术

在丛生竹林下对不同基质配方和硒浓度菌棒进行埋棒栽培以及覆土方式栽培试验，结果表明，菌棒不同基质配方对竹荪产量及其营养成分有显著影响，而且三列浅沟形和双列龟背形2种覆土方式有利于提高竹荪产量。改良基质配方菌棒竹荪产量比常规配方提高约50%；在添加外源硒质量分数为0~2.0 mg/kg的浓度范围内，竹荪子实体产量先随着硒浓度的增加而逐渐增加后再有所降低，基质中添加1.5 mg/kg硒肥比不添加产量提高了195.30%。基质中添加硒质量分数为1.0~2.0 mg/kg的硒肥可以较显著地提高竹荪花的硒含量，其干物质中硒含量平均值从约2.50 mg/kg提高到8.05~13.30 mg/kg，外源硒肥利用率达到9.70%~15.36%。菌棒不同基质配方对竹荪子实体的粗蛋白及粗多糖含量有明显影响，改良配方竹荪蛋与竹荪花的粗蛋白含量是常规配方的1.21和1.29倍，其粗多糖含量是常规配方的4.81和1.35倍；基质中添加硒肥与不添加硒肥相比，竹荪蛋与竹荪花中粗蛋白含量分别增加了40.90%和14.30%。在硒质量分数为1.0 mg/kg的竹荪菌棒林下覆土栽培试验中，三列浅沟形覆土方式单位面积鲜竹荪蛋产量最高，为10.27 kg/m²；双列龟背形覆土方式单个菌棒的鲜竹荪蛋产量最高，达1.40 kg。三列浅沟形和双列龟背形2种覆土方式基质生物转化率分别为93.00%和94.14%，达到了较高水平。     

武汉市桔梗科一物种新记录——卵叶异檐花

报道了武汉市外来入侵植物新记录一种,为桔梗科Campanulaceae异檐花属Triodanis卵叶异檐花Triodanis perfoliata subsp.biflora(Ruiz et Pavon)Lammers。卵叶异檐花原产于美洲,在武汉地区是首次发现,凭证标本保存于长江文明馆(武汉自然博物馆)。     

瓜类褪绿黄化病毒及其系统进化分析

【目的】检测新疆南疆7个县/市瓜类褪绿黄化病毒(Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus, CCYV),进行系统发育分析,为新疆南疆CCYV预警和防控提供参考。【方法】于2019年,从中国新疆南疆7个县/市采集带有黄化特征的51份甜瓜叶片样品,RT-PCR进行CCYV的检测,进行特异性片段的克隆、测序和系统发育分析。【结果】中国新疆巴楚县、阿克苏市、莎车县、伽师县、疏勒县、疏附县均未检测到CCYV,而洛浦县的13份样本中,8份检出为CCYV阳性,检出率为61.53%,洛浦县CCYV特异性片段克隆测序获得了685 bp的核酸序列,与GenBank中的CCYV分离物外壳蛋白(Coat protein, CP)的一致性达到100%。所得序列与中国新疆(吐鲁番)、中国其他省、苏丹、日本、塞浦路斯、黎巴嫩的CP基因聚在I组(Group),沙特阿拉伯的分离物聚在Ⅱ组,伊朗的分离物聚在Ⅲ组。【结论】CCYV在中国新疆南疆洛浦县甜瓜产区发生,与中国新疆吐鲁番、中国其他省及周围国家的CCYV分离物亲缘关系很近,且群体遗传变异很小。     

云南不同气候带农业气候资源变化特征研究

为分析全省平均以及各气候带光能、热量、水分资源的时空变化特征,使用云南115站及6个气候带代表站1961—2018年的气候要素计算各地农业气候资源统计量。结果表明,光能资源变化以减少趋势为主,出现显著突变,各气候带太阳辐射变化可能会引起云南太阳辐射高低值中心发生变化,2009年以来辐射明显增加可能会导致太阳辐射出现新的变化趋势和突变点;热量资源一致显著增加,喜凉及喜温作物的活动积温、积温持续时间及无霜期长度均显著增加,并且呈现初日提前、终日推后的趋势,对作物生长有利;水分资源总体呈现减少趋势,尤其21世纪以来下降趋势明显,亚热带地区暖干化现象突出,干旱风险等级较高。     

杉木第3代种子园多元素配方施肥效应研究

杉木种子园为培育高产稳产杉木良种提供重要保障,在林业生产中具有积极意义。通过试验研究,探究杉木3代种子园土壤养分丰缺情况、养分间的平衡规律,确定杉木种子园最佳肥料配比和施肥量,以期为闽北低山丘陵红壤分布区杉木种子园提供推荐施肥配方。采用“3414”配方施肥设计方案,对闽北第3代杉木种子园开展N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Mo等元素施肥试验。分别设计大量元素氮、磷、钾三因素施肥水平（并增设施用钼肥处理）、中微量元素钙、镁、硼三因素施肥水平,以球果数量（质量）、出籽率、种子产量、胸径等为评价指标,拟合肥料效应函数方程,研究各养分间的作用规律,并提出最佳施肥配比和施肥量。结果表明：种子园土壤N、P、K、Ca、Mg养分含量较低,B含量属于中等水平,而Mo含量较高;N、P、Mg以及N-K、Ca-B肥料联合对种子园产量的影响达到显著或极显著水平,而单施某一肥料效应较小,其中单施K、Ca、B几乎没有效果,而肥料联合施用效果较好。综合效应分析结果,得出种子园最大产量施肥量组合为：每株施尿素100 g+过磷酸钙897 g+氯化钾150 g+石灰150 g+硫酸镁105 g+硼砂75 g,并配施钼肥。N、P₂O₅、K₂O、CaO、Mg、B、Mo的用量依次为46.0、107.7、90.0、75.0、31.4、2.3、5.0 g,其配比为N:P₂O₅:K₂O:CaO:Mg:B:Mo=1.0:2.3:2.0:1.6:0.7:0.05:0.1。多元素配方施肥能很好地改善杉木种子园产量和质量,单株球果产量、球果单粒重、出籽率及种子园产量等指标均比不施肥的母树有大幅度提高。本研究施肥方案,理论上种子园产量可达45.99~95.65 g/株,大量元素施肥试验的产量达到理论产量的80%~86%,中微量元素施肥试验的产量为理论产量的70%左右。现实种子园平均产量大约是预测产量的40%,通过合理配方施肥有望大幅度提高杉木3代种子园产量。     

Expression of Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor Isoform 3 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Showing High Antimicrobial Activity

Antimicrobial peptides are a class of proteins with antibacterial functions. In this study, the anti-lipopolysaccharide factor isoform 3 gene (ALFPm3), encoding an antimicrobial peptide from Penaeus monodon with a super activity was expressed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which would develop a microalga strain that can be used for the antimicrobial peptide production. To construct the expression cluster, namely pH2A-Pm3, the codon optimized ALFPm3 gene was fused with the ble reporter by 2A peptide and inserted into pH124 vector. The glass-bead method was performed to transform pH2A-Pm3 into C. reinhardtii CC-849. In addition to 8 μg/mL zeocin resistance selection, the C. reinhardtii transformants were further confirmed by genomic PCR and RT-PCR. Western blot analysis showed that the C. reinhardtii-derived ALFPm3 (cALFPm3) was successfully expressed in C. reinhardtii transformants and accounted for 0.35% of the total soluble protein (TSP). Furthermore, the results of antibacterial assay revealed that the cALFPm3 could significantly inhibit the growth of a variety of bacteria, including both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria at a concentration of 0.77 μM. Especially, the inhibition could last longer than 24 h, which performed better than ampicillin. Hence, this study successfully developed a transgenic C. reinhardtii strain, which can produce the active ALFPm3 driven from P. monodon, providing a potential strategy to use C. reinhardtii as the cell factory to produce antimicrobial peptides.     

镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区水域生态修复效果的监测与评价

自2006年以来,长江豚类极度濒危的生存状况得到广泛关注,在其自然保护区实施一系列生态修复工程,为镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区内的江豚提供良好的生存环境。于2015—2018年在和畅洲水域建设生态浮岛、人工鱼巢和放流底栖动物进行水域生态修复,对生态修复工程进行跟踪监测和效果评价。结果表明：生态浮岛的建设可提高区域内浮游植物和浮游动物的生物多样性和群落结构复杂程度;人工鱼巢对产黏性卵鱼类具有一定增殖效果,增殖种类主要为鲤、鲫、䱗和黄尾鲴;生态浮岛和人工鱼巢的建设对鱼类均有较好的聚集效果;底栖动物增殖放流显著增加了放流物种的丰度、生物量及保护区底栖动物群落生物量,增殖放流效果评价为中等。该自然保护区水域生态修复效果明显,为工程施工影响下水生生物保护区生态修复提供科学依据。     

5种生物制剂对马铃薯种薯萌芽、极端天气下植株生长和产量性状的影响

旨在满足马铃薯生产中茬口衔接、机械化生产技术应用、不利气候下稳产等对马铃薯出苗早、齐、壮的需求,以‘费乌瑞它’为供试品种,用基于有益活菌或工程菌提取物的5种生物制剂进行种薯处理,对多重性状进行了对比分析。5种生物制剂较常规化学制剂,均能够不同程度地促进种薯萌芽和芽根同生,出苗期提前2~7天,播种后49天的出苗率提高3.33%~17.78%。其中,表现最好的为酵母核苷酸衍生物和VDAL,种薯萌发和生根均显著高于对照。霜冻后,生物剂拌种处理在恢复前期促进植株生长,由此促进恢复后期的块茎发育,较常规化学处理增产8.39%~24.03%,体现了不同程度的保产效果。多马道黑、酵母核苷酸衍生物、根肽和VDAL体现出较好的保产效果,可作为种薯处理剂投入马铃薯生产。     

Assessing climate change adaptations for community-scale water resources using a low-frequency weather generator

Paddy and Water Environment - Water adaptation strategies are necessary for decreasing climate change impacts on local societies. This study models a community water supply system as a distributed...     

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.