解淀粉芽孢杆菌防治果蔬采后病害研究进展

综述了解淀粉芽孢杆菌在果蔬采后病害防治上的应用及研究进展,归纳了解淀粉芽孢杆菌的筛选途径和研究现状,总结了解淀粉芽孢杆菌的控病作用机制和提高解淀粉芽孢杆菌作用效果的方法;指出解淀粉芽孢杆菌用于果蔬保鲜存在的诸如防效不稳定和商业化困难等问题,并提出与低量化学药剂混用和运用分子生物学手段研究抑菌机理等建议;最后,认为以解淀粉芽孢杆菌为主要成分的生物农药具有广阔的应用前景。     

利用花粉管通道法将BcWRKY2抗旱基因导入玉米的研究

利用花粉管通道法将含有PPT抗性筛选标记的BcWRKY2转录因子基因导入优良玉米自交系.采用正交设计对玉米品种、导入时间及DNA浓度等条件进行了优化.对T0代种子进行了除草剂抗性筛选,结果表明玉米品种龙抗11授粉后16h进行导入及DNA导入浓度为200ng/μL时效果最佳.对获得的除草剂抗性植株进行PCR及PCR-Southern检测,得到PCR阳性植株71株,初步证明了外源目的基因已整合到玉米基因组中.     

甘蓝型油菜隐性三系核不育上位基因Rf精细定位

甘蓝型油菜隐性三系核不育系因不育性稳定、不育基因易转育、恢复谱广、无胞质负效应、制种产量高等优点在生产上得到广泛应用.其不育性状受两对隐性重叠不育基因(ms1和ms2)与一对隐性上位抑制基因(rf)互作控制.ms1和ms2同时纯合(ms1ms1ms2ms2)表现不育,但隐性纯合rf(rfrf)对ms1ms1ms2ms2的表达起抑制作用,又使其表现可育(临保系,ms1ms1ms2ms2rfrf).本研究利用BSA群分法,通过AFLP分子标记和SRAP分子标记的筛选,利用Rf基因的BC1分离群体( ms1ms1ms2ms2Rfrf+ms1ms1ms2ms2rfrf)进行遗传连锁分析.结果表明,共筛选到4个与Rf基因均共分离的标记,这些标记在该基因不同遗传背景的BC1群体中均与Rf基因紧密连锁.标记测序序列BLASTn结果表明,其位于大白菜A7染色体Scaffold000017(3.3 Mb)上.根据该Scaffold序列信息,开发了一系列SSR引物,多态性SSR引物在Rf基因的一个BC1群体中进行连锁分析,最终将该基因限定在245kb的一个范围内.其中SSR标记A7-10、A7-24与Rf基因共分离,A7-24为共显性标记.     

水稻种质资源的分子鉴定和育种利用

水稻种质资源包括栽培稻、野生稻及育种材料等各种类型,是水稻新品种选育、生物技术研究以及农业生产的物质基础。中国具有丰富的水稻种质资源,但其利用率却不高,原因之一就在于传统方法不能够对其进行准确的研究评价。理想的分子标记具有稳定性高、重复性好、检测简单快速和共显性遗传等优点。本文综述了分子标记技术在水稻种质资源遗传多样性分析、重要功能基因的挖掘、品种DNA指纹库的构建及分子育种材料遗传基础的拓展等方面的作用,旨在为更充分的将分子标记技术应用于水稻种质资源的鉴定和分子育种提供参考。     

油棕园间套种菠萝对土壤养分及酶活性的影响

为了探索幼龄油棕园间套种菠萝对土壤养分以及酶活性的影响,采用大田试验,在油棕与不同品种菠萝间套种种植模式下比较分析油棕园土壤养分及土壤酶活性大小。结果表明：间套种菠萝能够降低土壤pH值,有机质含量间套种处理与对照差异不明显,菠萝收获期较生长期有机质含量提高。土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量间套种处理要高于对照,土壤速效钾生长期间套种处理高于对照,成熟期处理与对照间差异不显著。间套种处理整体上降低土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性,但却提高了过氧化氢酶的活性。     

桃褐腐病菌激活蛋白对草莓幼苗防御酶酶活性的影响

激活蛋白是从多种病原真菌中分离出的一种蛋白激发子,为了解桃褐腐病菌激活蛋白对植物防御酶的诱导作用,本实验通过沸水浴、离心等方法,从桃褐腐病菌（Monilinia fructicola）菌丝体中分离出激活蛋白的粗提物,并喷雾到草莓幼苗的叶片上,测定了部分防御酶和病程相关蛋白的活性变化。结果表明：经桃褐腐病菌激活蛋白处理后,0-18h内草莓叶片的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性呈曲线增高的趋势,18h达到最高值,最高值比对照增加40.7%; 0-6h内草莓叶片过氧化物酶(POD) 和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性均呈急剧增高的趋势,6h达到最高值,其中POD活性比对照增加126.2%,PPO活性比对照增加62.9%。经激活蛋白处理后草莓叶片的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、几丁质酶活性也有增高的趋势。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

具有中国大豆遗传背景的7S与11S多亚基缺失型大豆新品系的创制

利用我国高油大豆品种东农47与日本引进多亚基缺失型育种材料日B,采用回交、三交的育种方法,综合系谱选择,通过SDS-PAGE技术分析亚基组成,在BC₁、BC₃及三交种F₈群体内,选育到(α+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型、(α′+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡa、Ⅱb]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡa]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡb+X₁X₂]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡb]-缺失型和(α′+11S groupⅠ、Ⅱa)-缺失型共7种具有中国大豆遗传背景的7S球蛋白α′、α亚基与11S球蛋白groupⅠ(A_1aB_1b,A₂B_1a,A_1bB₂)、groupⅡa(A₄A₅B₃)和groupⅡb(A₃B₄)不同亚基缺失组合新种质。测定优良品系的综合农艺性状及氨基酸组成、含量,结果表明,与对照相比,各种缺失突变体的各种氨基酸组分含量普遍提高,蛋白总量普遍高于轮回亲本,精氨酸含量特别是游离精氨酸的含量大幅提高。其中亚基组成为(α+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型品系G2-2-3的17种氨基酸含量、氨基酸总量、蛋氨酸含量均显著高于轮回亲本东农47,特别是游离精氨酸含量高出7.27mg/g。以上结果表明,7S与11S多亚基缺失型优良品系在有效去除致敏蛋白的同时,可以提高大豆蛋白氨基酸含量, 改善大豆蛋白氨基酸组分配比。各种致敏蛋白缺失型大豆优良新品系的获得,大大丰富了我国蛋白质组分改良育种的种质基础。     

农杆菌介导高粱遗传转化的相关因素优化

为建立一个稳定的高粱遗传转化体系,以高粱RHMC品种为试验材料,采用内含有P ^CAMBIA3301质粒载体的根癌农杆菌EHA105介导的方法研究了高粱遗传转化的相关因素。结果表明,外植体预培养2d,GUS表达效果最好;在侵染液和共培养基中加入200μmol/L乙酰丁香酮时,GUS表达效果最好;侵染液浓度OD₆₀₀值的适宜范围为0.8~1.0;农杆菌侵染愈伤组织的适宜时间为5~10min;共培养的适宜时间为2d。初步建立了一套高粱遗传转化体系,为今后高粱转化提供一些参考。     

水稻ARF基因家族新成员ADP-Ribosylation Factor-Like Protein 5(OsARFL5)的克隆及表达分析

小G蛋白家族中的亚家族ADP-核糖基化因子(ADP-ribosylation factor, ARF),在生物体内起众多的生理作用,参与基因表达、细胞骨架重组装、微管的形成以及囊泡和核孔运输等。本研究已成功克隆得到ARF基因家族中的一个新基因OsARFL5,系统进化分析表明该基因与SiARFC1亲缘关系较近;以该基因和其启动子序列构建了两种遗传转化表达载体(pOsARFL5::GUS, pCaMV35S::OsARFL5:EGFP),并获得了相应遗传载体的转基因植株;GUS染色结果表明,该基因在不同时期、不同组织部位表达;洋葱表皮亚细胞定位结果显示,Os ARFL5基因编码的蛋白定位在细胞核。RT-PCR结果显示,OsARFL5在水稻不同生育期的根、茎、叶、叶鞘和穗子中均有不同程度的表达。本研究初步探明了ARF基因家族新成员OsARFL5在水稻生长发育过程中的表达模式。