淀粉老化调控对燕麦全粉挤压面条蒸煮品质的影响

燕麦粉不含面筋蛋白,使燕麦全粉面条煮熟后易浑汤、蒸煮损失率大,目前只能温水浸泡复水食用,是限制燕麦更广泛推广的难题之一。为了满足市场对燕麦全粉面条的需求,以利用二级挤压技术生产的燕麦全粉挤压面条为试材,对成型面条进行了调湿老化、蒸制老化及冷冻老化处理,比较了不同老化方式对燕麦全粉挤压面条蒸煮品质的影响。结果表明,调湿老化处理的面条蒸煮损失率最小(2.26%~3.34%),蒸制老化次之(4.19%~5.19%),冷冻老化最大(5.16%~7.97%)。不同老化处理的面条感官评分差异不显著,以调湿老化处理24h的面条感官评分最高(87.2分);调湿老化处理面条的淀粉相对结晶度(12.47%~16.10%)、热焓值(1.044 0~1.056 0J·g-1)及回生值(519.5~558.0cP)均最大,蒸制老化次之,冷冻老化最小。综合分析可知,对燕麦挤压面条进行淀粉老化处理,能够显著降低燕麦全粉挤压面条的蒸煮损失率,最优方式为调湿老化24h。     

不同种植方式对冬小麦花后干物质积累与分配特征及产量的影响

为探索不同种植方式对冬小麦干物质积累、转运与分配特征及产量的影响,选用大穗型小麦品种农大1108为试验材料,研究在大田生产中主要的4种种植方式(穴播、撒播、窄幅条播和宽幅条播)对冬小麦花后各器官干物质积累、分配及产量的影响。结果表明,4种种植方式下花后各器官的干物质积累量变化趋势基本一致,且均表现为窄幅条播显著高于其他3组处理;窄幅条播主要通过提高花后干物质同化量及其对籽粒的贡献率而获得高产;与宽幅条播相比,窄幅条播花后营养器官干物质积累量及干物质在籽粒中的积累量分别增加45.59%和19.44%;与穴播和撒播相比,窄幅条播产量分别提高17.25%和11.39%;花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率表现为穴播最高,达到80.26%。不同种植方式对冬小麦籽粒的灌浆速率影响不大,表现为各处理间千粒重差异不显著。     

不同灌溉模式下小麦荧光特征及品种抗旱性研究

为探讨低平原区节水灌溉模式和筛选高产节水品种,在2014-2015和2015-2016两个小麦生长季,采用裂区试验,以5个灌溉模式(春季灌溉0、1、2、3和4水,分别用W_0～W_4表示)作为主处理,以3个当地主推冬小麦品种(衡观35、石4185和衡4399)作为副处理,研究了不同灌溉模式对小麦产量、叶绿素荧光特征参数、水分利用效率等的影响及荧光特征与品种抗旱性的关系。结果表明,随灌溉量和灌溉次数的增加,小麦产量非线性增加,但不同年份表现有所不同,2014-2015年以W_2处理产量最高,2015-2016年以W_4处理产量最高;灌溉提高了PSⅡ的潜在活性F_v/F_o和原初光能转化效率F_v/F_m,但F_o却降低。不同品种对灌水的反应特性不同,且存在年际间差异,两年平均产量以衡4399最高,石4185最低;随灌溉量的增加,衡4399和衡观35产量变化幅度较小,而石4185的产量变化幅度相对较大。从荧光特征参数看,石4185受水分胁迫的影响大,在灌浆后期,其不灌溉处理(W_0)的荧光参数F_o相对于灌溉处理的增加幅度高于衡4399和衡观35,但F_m、F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o在不灌溉情况下的降低幅度也相对较大,说明石4185的抗旱性差。从水分利用效率看,以W_2处理较好。因此在本试验条件下,衡4399和衡观35的增产潜力大,抗旱性好,春季灌2水可达到节水高产和水分利用效率提高的目的。     

聚丙烯酰胺连年施用对燕麦生产的影响

为探明聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)施用后对燕麦不同生育阶段水分利用的影响,在长城沿线旱作丘陵区,设置6个处理,分别为对照(CK)、PAM施用一年(M1)、PAM连续施用二年(M2)、PAM连续施用三年(M3)、PAM连续施用四年(M4)、PAM连续施用五年(M5),通过大田试验,研究PAM施用不同年限对燕麦不同生育阶段的土壤保水、燕麦耗水特征、水分利用效率等特性的影响。结果表明,施用PAM提高了燕麦田不同生育阶段0~60cm土层的土壤含水量,促进了燕麦生物量的积累,降低了燕麦总耗水量,提高了燕麦产量和水分利用效率。各处理中,M4和M5处理的土壤含水量及贮水量均高于其他处理,而总耗水量最低,差异均显著(P0.05);M1、M2处理的多数被测指标与CK无显著差异。苗期0~10cm、拔节期10~20cm、抽穗期20~40cm、灌浆期0~10cm、成熟期10~20cm和40~60cm土层土壤含水量对产量的影响最大。各生育阶段,除播种-苗期及抽穗-灌浆期外,M5处理耗水量均显著低于M4处理。M4处理的经济效益和水分利用效率均最高,较对照分别增加35.67%和3.67kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1)。综合考虑产量、经济效益、水分利用效率,燕麦旱作地区应连续4年施用聚丙烯酰胺。     

夜间补光对小麦叶片激素含量及光合特性的影响

为探究夜间补光对小麦生育后期的调控作用,以冬小麦品种豫农186为材料,以自然光照时间为对照,在小麦抽穗后设置夜间人工补光2h、4h和6h三个处理,研究补光时间对小麦叶片内源激素含量、光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,夜间补光可增加小麦叶面积及旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率,以补光6h的效果最显著。与自然对照相比,夜间补光显著增加旗叶GA3、IAA、ZR含量,且激素含量的升高幅度随补光时间的延长而增加,但ABA含量受影响较小。夜间补光能显著提高灌浆前期和中期籽粒灌浆速率及千粒重和产量,其中补光6h处理的最大灌浆速率比自然对照增大16.21%,产量提高14.07%。说明小麦抽穗后适当延长光照时间有利于叶片的生长发育,可提高激素含量和光合效率,促进籽粒灌浆,增加产量。     

不同氮效率小麦品种临界氮浓度模型与营养诊断研究

为探讨不同氮效率小麦品种临界氮浓度模型的差异和开展小麦氮素营养诊断研究,基于两年大田试验,以不同氮效率小麦品种周麦27(高氮高效)、豫麦49-198(低氮高效)和矮抗58(低氮低效)为研究对象,系统分析了不同氮效率小麦品种地上部生物量、地上部氮含量和氮素营养指数的变化规律。结果表明,不同氮效率小麦品种地上部生物量和地上部氮含量均随施氮量的增加而增加,临界氮浓度(N_C)与地上部最大干物质(DM)均呈幂函数关系(N_C=aDM~(-b)),且氮高效型品种模型的两个参数(a和b)值均大于氮低效型品种。经检验,模型的标准化均方根误差分别为13.87%(周麦27)、7.7%(豫麦49-198)和13.02%(矮抗58),通过临界氮浓度模型所建立的氮素营养指数推荐的麦田施肥量均在120~225kg·hm~(-2)范围,其中周麦27和豫麦49-198的推荐施肥量分别为225和120kg·hm~(-2),矮抗58的推荐施肥量介于二者之间。     

小麦雄性不育系AL18A育性恢复基因的QTL定位

为加快AL型杂交小麦的发展,以不育系AL18A、恢复系99AR144-1及二者杂交F2代群体为材料,选用SSR标记和分离群体分组分析法进行育性恢复基因的QTL定位。结果表明,育性恢复由主效和微效基因共同控制,采用复合区间作图法分析,在1B染色体上检测到了1个主效恢复基因QTLqRf-1B-1,在5AL染色体上检测到了1个微效QTLqRf-5A-1。qRf-1B-1位于SSR标记Xbarc8与Xgwm413之间,与两标记的遗传距离分别为0.85cM和2.00cM,LOD值为14.06,加性效应为18.87,可解释22.43%的表型变异;qRf-5A-1位于SSR标记Xgwm595与Xgwm410之间,与两标记的遗传距离分别为10.00cM和0.10cM,LOD值为3.18,加性效应为12.32,可解释5.44%的表型变异。     

烯效唑生物学效用研究进展

烯效唑是一种高效低毒的三唑类植物生长延缓剂,兼有良好的杀菌作用。它通过降低贝壳杉烯氧化酶活性,阻碍GA的生物合成从而抑制植物生长。烯效唑使植株体内产生一系列的生理效应,对促进植株矮健、抗倒伏和防衰老等都具有明显效果,尤其是在作物面对逆境(如干旱、高温、低温、盐害、内涝和病害等)的胁迫时,烯效唑能显著增强作物对逆境的抵抗能力,从而达到增产目的。本文对国内外有关烯效唑的作用机理、应用效果及抗逆性表现等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

Neuroprotective effect of fasudil combined with bone marrow-derived neural stem cells on mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

AIM: To explore the neuroprotective effect of fasudil combined with bone marrow-derived neural stem cells (BM-NSCs) on the mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice (8~10 weeks old, n=32) were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG_35-55) to establish chronic EAE model. The mice were randomly divided into control (ddH₂O) group, fasudil group, BM-NSCs group, and fasudil+BM-NSCs group. The clinical score and body weight were recorded every other day. The expression of neurotrophic factors was determined by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: In comparison with ddH₂O group, fasudil combined with BM-NSCs delayed onset and ameliorated severity of EAE. The numbers of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3 and ciliary neurotrophic factor positive cells in fasudil group, BM-NSCs group and fasudil+BM-NSCs group were all increased in various extents. In particularly, the expression of these neurotrophic factors in fasudil+BM-NSCs group was significantly higher than that in the mice treated with fasudil or BM-NSCs alone (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Fasudil combined with BM-NSCs promotes the expression of neurotrophic factors and improves microenvironment of central nervous system, thus playing a positive role in neural restoration and regeneration through a synergistic and superimposed effect.     

Preliminary study of patients with chronic mountain sickness by GC-TOF-MS based serum metabolomics analysis

AIM: To evaluate specific metabolomics profiles in the serum of patients with chronic mountain sickness (CMS) and to explore the potential metabolic biomarkers in the native Tibetans living on the Qinghai-Tibet Pla-teau.METHODS: A gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) approach as a metabolomics technique was used to evaluate metabolic differences. The native Tibetan CMS patients (n=10) and healthy Tibetan controls (n=10) were enrolled from YuShu in Qinghai province in this study. The serum samples were collected and analyzed by GC-TOF-MS coupled with a series of multivariate statistical analyses such as principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA).RESULTS: The intergroup differences between CMS patients and control subjects have been observed. A list of differential metabolites and several top altered metabolic pathways have been identified. The levels of fumaric acid, an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and inosine were highly upregulated in the CMS patients, suggesting a greater effort to hypoxic adaptation in high elevation area. Other differential metabolites, such as methyl phosphate, 2-ketoadipate, lyxose and phytanic acid were also identified. Importantly, the differential metabolites possessed higher area under the ROC curve (AUC) values, indicating an excellent clinical ability for the prediction of CMS. Increased levels of amino acids (isoleucine, glycine, serine, L-cysteine, citrulline and trimethyllysine) were detected in CMS group, yet significantly decreased levels of sulfuric acid, oxamic acid, lyxose and glutamine were also detected in CMS group than those in control group. At the same time, the levels of ribose and glucose-1-phosphate were markedly elevated in CMS group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The metabolic activities are significantly altered in the serum of CMS patients. High altitude hypoxia may act on the disturbed glucose metabolism and amino acid metabolism in part of the Tibetan triggered by CMS.