Monitoring a loss: Detection of the semi‐aquatic crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus) in inaccessible habitats via environmental DNA

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Isolation and Total Synthesis of Stolonines A–C,Unique Taurine Amides from the Australian Marine Tunicate Cnemidocarpa stolonifera

Cnemidocarpa stolonifera is an underexplored marine tunicate that only occurs on the tropical to subtropical East Coast of Australia, with only two pyridoacridine compounds reported previously. Qualitative analysis of the lead-like enhanced fractions of C. stolonifera by LC-MS dual electrospray ionization coupled with PDA and ELSD detectors led to the identification of three new natural products, stolonines A–C (1–3), belonging to the taurine amide structure class. Structures of the new compounds were determined by NMR and MS analyses and later verified by total synthesis. This is the first time that the conjugates of taurine with 3-indoleglyoxylic acid, quinoline-2-carboxylic acid and β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid present in stolonines A–C (1–3), respectively, have been reported. An immunofluorescence assay on PC3 cells indicated that compounds 1 and 3 increased cell size, induced mitochondrial texture elongation, and caused apoptosis in PC3 cells.     

Breeding for improved resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus): Quantitative genetic parameters

Bacillary necrosis of Pangasius (BNP), caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri, is one of the most devastating diseases in striped catfish farming. To date, quantitative genetic inheritance of BNP resistance is not known in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. The main aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for BNP resistance in a breeding population of striped catfish undergoing four generations of selection for high growth. Specifically, the study examined whether BNP resistance is heritable to enable family selection and whether genetic improvement for enhanced BNP resistance may have detrimental effects on growth and survival rate. To test these hypotheses, 720 full‐ and half‐sib families were challenged with E. ictaluri pathogen using injection and cohabitation methods over four years, from 2010 to 2012 and 2015. In total, the data included 398,234 animals in the pedigree, from which 18,849 animals had disease challenge test records and 39,103 siblings had growth performance. Both univariate and bivariate sire–dam linear and threshold mixed models were used to estimate (co)variance components for BNP resistance, survivals and growth traits. The estimates of heritability for the BNP resistance recorded as death or survival were low regardless of models used (0.10–0.16), whereas survival time (days post‐challenge test) showed moderate heritability (0.35). The survival rate during hapa rearing had medium heritability (0.33–0.52). The genetic correlations of BNP resistance with body weight and survival were all positive (0.03–0.53), suggesting that selection of increased BNP resistance may have positive impacts on growth and survival traits, and these traits could be easily improved simultaneously in the selective breeding programme for striped catfish.     

Melanin-containing feedstuffs protect Litopenaeus vannamei from white spot syndrome virus

International Aquatic Research - Viral diseases are a serious issue for the shrimp aquaculture industry. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has been considered one of the most dangerous pathogens...     

Combining rainfall–runoff and hydrodynamic models for simulating flow under the impact of climate change to the lower Sai Gon-Dong Nai River basin

This study presented simulation results of runoff discharge combining the Mike NAM and Mike SHE models for lower Sai Gon-Dong Nai River basin (SG-DNRB). Sai Gon-Dong Nai River basin is Vietnam’s largest population center and main industrial area in Ho Chi Minh City. In recent years, the area faces flooding problems because of heavy rainfalls and high tides, as part of the impacts of climate change and sea level rise. The lower of SG-DNRB was selected as a case study to highlight the necessity to investigate combination of the rainfall–runoff model and the hydrodynamic model for long-term strategies to resource water in the future. The models were calibrated using water level and runoff discharge data during low and flood seasons in 2014. The calibrated results showed satisfactory coefficients (NASH index, R² up to 0.70 and RMSE is smaller than 0.20). The results confirmed that the combination of Mike NAM and Mike SHE models is well suitable to simulate runoff discharge in the lower SG-DNRB. Combination of the models can be considered a useful tool to help professional agency operator water resources management projects in other areas in the context of climate change and sea level rise.     

Determinants of illegal logging in Indonesia: An empirical analysis for the period 1996–2010

Illegal logging is a significant problem in Indonesia, which is one of the few countries with a large forest area. In this study, we investigate the factors that affect harvesting and supply of illegal timber from Indonesia to China and Japan. Moreover, we investigate the factors that lead to the demand of Indonesian illegal timber from China and Japan. A simultaneous-equation econometric model of illegally logged timber demand and supply is developed and tested using the annual data over the period 1996–2010. We find that corruption and decentralization in Indonesia have significant and positive impacts on the illegally logged timber supply while excess demand in Japanese construction and furniture industries as well as Japan’s housing starts are the significant factors that affect the illegal logging in Indonesia. The law enforcement or policies aimed at reducing illegal harvesting in Indonesia are found to be more effective than the policies targeting the import of illegally logged timber into Japan and China.     

Effect of Vermicompost in Media on Growth,Yield and Fruit Quality of Cherry Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentun Mill.) Under Net House Conditions

Effects of VC application on tomato production and media properties can last for the third successive season, which was verified in this study to evaluate effects of VC application on growth, productivity and fruit quality of cherry tomato for the third season. Six treatments were designed similarly in the first and second seasons (unchanged design compared to the previous season), including: VC with rice husk ash (RHS) and coconut fiber (CF) 0% VC+ 50% RHS +50% CF (T1- control), respectively. 20%VC + 40% RHS + 40% CF(T2), 40% VC+ 30% RHS + 30% CF(T3), 60% VC + 20% RHS + 20% CF(T4), 80% VC + 10% RHS + 10% CF(T5), and 100% VC(T6). The results showed that the pH, EC, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg available in media were increased with the addition of VC. This finding revealed that the addition of VC significantly improved the physic-chemical media properties, increasing the EC and also increasing the macronutrients in the media resulting in substantial increased the yield and quality of tomato fruits. It is concluded that EC of VC was the key factor for the positive increase of the productivity and quality of tomato and the salinity (EC at 3.52 dS/m) causing restriction of water to fruits that resulted in the increase of the total soluble solids in tomato fruit and without affecting yield reduction.     

Effects of Continuously Applied Vermicompost on Media Properties,Growth, Yield,and Fruit Quality of Two Tomato Varieties

In the first and second seasons, growth and yield of tomato were also influenced by different vermicompost (VC) rates and reused VC. Obviously, increasing VC proportion led to the augmentation of electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in planting media in both seasons. However, in the first season, the nutrient absorbent ability of tomato was remarkably higher compared to those in the second season due to higher available nutrient in the media of the first season. This may influence the shoot dry weight as well as the yield of tomato in both seasons. In T4 treatment, the yield attained the highest value in the first season for both varieties with the values of 562.3 and 812.4 g/plant for small honey (V1) and graces (V2), respectively. In the second season, the N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in media significantly decreased compared to those in the first season (496.4 g/plant-V1 and 508.3 g/plant-V2). In comparison, the yields in the first season were higher those in second season by 13.2% and 59.8% for V1 and V2, respectively. However, in the second season, the maximum yield found in T5 (508.3 g/plant-V1 and 682.2 g/plant-V2) and declining by 10.6 and 19.1% compared to those in the first season for V1 and V2, respectively. This can be explained that amounts of nutrients from the media in the first season had supported the growth and development of tomato, resulting deficiency of nutrients in the media for the second season.