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91.
Yoshi-Shige Inagaki Yoshiteru Noutoshi Keiko Fujita Atsuko Imaoka Sakae Arase Kazuhiro Toyoda Tomonori Shiraishi Yuki Ichinose 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2013,79(1):69-73
Triterpenoid saponins are sugar-modified triterpene derivatives. Cereals and other grasses are generally deficient in these secondary metabolites with the exception of oat. Oat accumulates antimicrobial triterpenoid saponins in its roots. These oat-root-derived compounds, called avenacins, confer broad-spectrum resistance to soil-borne pathogens. Here, we tested the effect of avenacins on the development of infection structures of fungal pathogens Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei and Bipolaris oryzae and Magnaporthe oryzae. We show that avenacins are able to inhibit the infection process of these phytopathogens on plant hosts. 相似文献
92.
93.
K. Müller M. Deurer K. Kawamoto T. Kuroda S. Subedi S. Hiradate T. Komatsu B. E. Clothier 《European Journal of Soil Science》2014,65(3):348-359
Soil water repellency (SWR) is known to lead to preferential flow and to degrade the soil's filtering efficiency. However, no method is available to quantify directly how SWR affects the transport of reactive solutes. We propose a new method for conducting solute transport experiments in water‐repellent soils. It involves sequentially applying two liquids, one water, the other a reference fully wetting liquid, namely aqueous ethanol, to the same intact soil core with air‐drying between liquids. We applied this approach to quantify the impact of SWR on the filtering of the herbicide 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) in two Andosols. In batch experiments conducted prior to the transport experiments, 2,4‐D sorption was not influenced by aqueous ethanol for one soil. However, sorption in the second soil followed the co‐solvency theory, which predicts decreasing sorption with increasing solvent fractions. Thus, sorption experiments are necessary to complement our new method. Breakthrough curves were characterized by preferential flow with large initial concentrations, tailing and a long prevalence of solutes remaining in the soil. In the soil in which 2,4‐D sorption was unaffected by aqueous ethanol, SWR increased 2,4‐D losses by four and 50 times in the first 5‐mm outflow compared with the 2,4‐D losses with water. After 50‐mm outflow, the 2,4‐D losses were similar for one core, but in the other core they were still about four times greater with water than with aqueous ethanol. This method to quantify the reduction of the soil's filtering efficiency by SWR is needed for assessing the increased risk of groundwater contamination by solutes exogenously applied to water‐repellent soils. 相似文献
94.
Kazuhiro Toyoda Eri Yasunaga Masanobu Niwa Yuko Ohwatari Atsushi Nakashima Yoshishige Inagaki Yuki Ichinose Tomonori Shiraishi 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2012,78(5):311-315
Blue native PAGE analysis for cell wall proteins from pea epicotyls demonstrated that cell wall-associated ecto-apyrase (ATPase) formed a large protein complex(es) ranging from 450 to 900?kDa; one of the components of the complex was copper amine oxidase (CuAO), which catalyzes the oxidation of amines with the subsequent generation of ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. CuAO activity was coordinately regulated in vitro with ATP-hydrolyzing activity by an elicitor and a suppressor from Mycosphaerella pinodes. Moreover, treatment of cell wall proteins with the suppressor caused the appearance of the apyrase monomer. On the basis of these results, M. pinodes may target the apyrase-containing protein complex(es) of the host to attenuate cell wall-based, extracellular defense(s) including the production of hydrogen peroxide. 相似文献
95.
Unno T Tamemoto K Yayabe F Kakuda T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(23):6893-6898
There is great interest in the nutritional potential of (-)-epicatechin, a common polyphenolic constituent of many foods and beverages, because of its potent antioxidant capacity. To better evaluate the biological role of (-)-epicatechin, we studied the urinary excretion of 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone, a ring-fission metabolite of (-)-epicatechin by intestinal microflora, in rats as well as its antioxidant activity in vitro. The method for measuring the urinary levels of (-)-epicatechin and 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone was based on the enzymatic hydrolysis of beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase, and was subsequently determined by HPLC coupled to an electrochemical detector. Following administration of (-)-epicatechin at doses of 0, 20, 40, and 80 mumol per rat, (-)-epicatechin and 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone were excreted into the urine within 24 h in a dose-dependent manner. Urinary 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone was mostly in the conjugated form, with a higher ratio of conjugation than (-)-epicatechin. We assessed the relative antioxidant potentials for scavenging radicals in the aqueous phase as expressed in the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). The results demonstrated that the degradation of (-)-epicatechin into 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone attenuated the antioxidant ability of the former. However, 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone showed stronger antioxidant activity than l-ascorbic acid. These results led us to suppose that 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone, a microbial metabolite of (-)-epicatechin, circulating in the body may also at least be biologically active in terms of contributing to its combined antioxidant effect. 相似文献
96.
Kawai T Kawakita H Sugita K Saito K Tamada M Sugo T Kawamoto H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(5):1073-1076
This paper describes a cycloisomaltooligosaccharide glucanotransferase (CITase)-multilayer-immobilized porous hollow-fiber membrane used as an enzyme bioreactor. Dextran, a substrate with an average molecular mass of 43000, is converted into seven- to nine-glucose-membered cycloisomaltooligosaccharides, effective as a preventive for dental caries, aided by convective transport of the substrate to the vicinity of the enzyme through the pores. Epoxy-group-containing graft chains were uniformly appended onto the surface of pores throughout a porous hollow-fiber membrane by radiation-induced graft polymerization. Subsequently, a diethylamino group was introduced, as an anion-exchange moiety, to the graft chains, which caused the chains to expand toward the interior of the pores due to mutual electrostatic repulsion. The expanding graft chain provided multilayer binding sites for CITase. Fifty-five milligrams of adsorbed CITase per gram of membrane is equivalent to the degree of multilayer binding of 5. Finally, 80% of the multilayer-adsorbed CITase was immobilized via enzymatic cross-linking with transglutaminase to prevent the leakage of enzymes. CITase, with a degree of multilayer immobilization of 4, produced the target cycloisomaltooligosaccharides at a conversion yield of 55% in weight at 310 K during permeation by the dextran solution at a space velocity defined as the permeation rate divided by membrane volume of 6 per hour. 相似文献
97.
Macrophage activation in Theileria sergenti-infected calves was studied by testing the production of oxygen metabolites in macrophages following specific and non-specific stimulation with T sergenti merozoites or zymosan, respectively. Six calves were inoculated with merozoites and three calves with sporozoites. All showed significant macrophage activation within one month after inoculation (P less than 0.05). Activation of macrophages appeared earlier than parasitaemia or the peak of antibody titre against T sergenti. The highest chemiluminescence response, indicative of macrophage activation, was observed when the merozoites were opsonised with immune sera. 相似文献
98.
Yasuo Yamagiwa Yoshishige Inagaki Yuki Ichinose Kazuhiro Toyoda Mitsuro Hyakumachi Tomonori Shiraishi 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2011,77(6):336-341
A plant-growth-promoting fungus (PGPF), Talaromyces sp. was isolated from an agricultural field in southwestern Japan. We found that this fungus emitted several terpenoid-like
volatiles including β-caryophyllene. Then we investigated the effect of β-caryophyllene on promoting the growth and inducing resistance of Brassica campestris L. var. perviridis. The compound significantly enhanced the growth of seedlings and their resistance to Colletotrichum higginsianum. On the basis of these results, we discuss the role of β-caryophyllene in the activities of PGPF. 相似文献
99.
Sapflow characteristics and climatic responses in three forest species in the semiarid Loess Plateau region of China 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Sheng Du Yi-Long Wang Tomonori KumeJian-Guo Zhang Kyoichi OtsukiNorikazu Yamanaka Guo-Bin Liu 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2011,151(1):1-10
In the semiarid Loess Plateau region of China, ecosystems are frequently affected by water shortages. Late spring and early summer are periods when forest communities tend to suffer from soil drought. To clarify the water-use strategies of the main species in this area, the xylem sap flow of trees from three species in the field was monitored for three successive periods in summer using Granier-type thermal dissipation probes. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD), solar radiation (Rs) and soil moisture had varying influences on sap flux density (Fd) in the species. Normalized Fd values could be fitted to VPD using an exponential saturation function, but the fit was better with a derived variable of transpiration (VT), an integrated index calculated from VPD and Rs. From differences in model coefficients, the species were roughly divided into two types with contrasting drought sensitivity. The exotic Robinia pseudoacacia was defined as drought-sensitive type. It showed higher sapflow increases in response to rainfall, suggesting a high water demand and high influence of soil water conditions on transpiration. This species showed relatively late stomatal response to increasing VPD. The wide-peak pattern of diurnal sapflow course also suggests relatively low stomatal regulation in this species. The drought-insensitive type consisted of the naturally dominant Quercus liaotungensis and an indigenous concomitant species, Armeniaca sibirica, in the forest. The sap flow of these species was not very sensitive to changes in soil water conditions. The results suggest that typical indigenous species can manage the water consumption conservatively under both drought and wet conditions. Variations in water use strategies within indigenous species are also detected. 相似文献
100.
Shuichi Ishizawa Tatsuhiko Suzuki Tomonori Koda Osamu Sato 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1):113-128
Introduction Joffell described in his book “Pedology” that in the process of weathering, autotrophic organisms grow on the bare surface of rocks and their metabolic products contribute much to the weathering. Treub2) observed also that the surface of volcanic ash was covered by the vigorous growth of algae in less than three years after the eruption of Krakatoa. From these statements it appears evident that microorganisms play an important part through the production of organic matter at the early period of soil formation. As soil-forming-process advances, however, microBrganisms are replaced by the higher chlorophyllbearing plants with regards to organic matter production in land, and they become more important in the decomposition of than in the production of organic matter. 相似文献