Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cuphea seed oil

Cuphea seed oil (CSO) is a potential domestic source of medium chain fatty acids. Although CSO has been obtained using solvent extraction and screw pressing, both methods suffer from disadvantages. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction is a promising alternative extraction technology. It is a very effective means to extract vegetable oils, non-toxic, non-flammable, easy to separate from extracts (i.e., no solvent residues) and there are no solvent disposal costs. This research compared SC-CO₂ and soxtec petroleum ether for the extraction of CSO. The CSO yield for the petroleum ether was 29.7% while the SC-CO₂ was 28.1%. The free fatty acid content for the SC-CO₂ extract was only 8.8% while the petroleum ether extract was 15.0%. The acid values were also much higher for the petroleum ether extract (i.e., 29.8) than for the SC-CO₂ extract (i.e., 17.4). The Gardner color of the SC-CO₂ extract was determined to be 2+ while the color of the petroleum ether soxtec extract could not be determined because it was very dark due to the presence of chlorophyll. Although the two extraction methods differed slightly in their individual fatty acid compositions, the magnitudes of the differences were inconsequential. This research demonstrated that CSO can be effectively extracted using SC-CO₂ at a relatively low temperature and pressure (i.e., 50 °C and 20.7 MPa) to give a very high quality oil. Cuphea seed oil's status as a specialty oil and its corresponding higher value make its extraction using SC-CO₂ an economically viable option.     

Modelling the effects of bioturbation on the re-distribution of 137Cs in an undisturbed grassland soil

Under favourable conditions, soil ingestion by earthworm populations can be equivalent to approximately 5–10% of the topsoil mass per year. This suggests that for contaminants that are strongly bound to soil, earthworm ‘bioturbation’ may be a more important transport mechanism than water‐borne advection dispersion. It is therefore quite surprising that few modelling studies to date have explicitly considered the effects of biological processes on contaminant transport in soil. In this study, we present a general model that incorporates the effects of both ‘local’ and ‘non‐local’ biological mixing into the framework of the standard physical (advective‐dispersive) transport model. The model is tested against measurements of the redistribution of caesium‐137 (¹³⁷Cs) derived from the Chernobyl accident, in a grassland soil during 21 years after fallout. Three model parameters related to biological transport were calibrated within ranges defined by measured data and literature information on earthworm biomasses and feeding rates. Other parameters such as decay half‐life and sorption constant were set to known or measured values. A physical advective‐dispersive transport model based on measured sorption strongly underestimated the downward displacement of ¹³⁷Cs. A dye‐tracing experiment suggested the occurrence of physical non‐equilibrium transport in soil macropores, but this was inadequate to explain the extent of the deep penetration of ¹³⁷Cs observed at the site. A simple bio‐diffusion model representing ‘local’ mixing worked reasonably well, but failed to reproduce the deep penetration of Cs as well as a dilution observed close to the soil surface. A comprehensive model including physical advective‐dispersive transport, and both ‘local’ and ‘non‐local’ mixing caused by the activities of both endogeic and anecic earthworms, gave an excellent match to the measured depth profiles of ¹³⁷Cs, with predictions mostly lying within confidence intervals for the means of measured data and model efficiencies exceeding 0.9 on all sampling occasions but the first.     

The Effect of a Growth Retardant Compound (B4) on Phaseolus Beans

When the growth retardant B₄ was applied to Phaseolus beans at the primary leaf stage or at one week before flowering, a temporary dwarfing effect occurred and less total vegetative growth was produced. Although these pre-flowering treatments delayed the production of peak pod numbers, no effect on final seed yield occurred. In contrast, an application of B₄ during the early pod-fill stage gave a less marked reduction in vegetative tissue, but increased seed yield by 16%. It is suggested that this extra yield may have resulted from a reduction in pod shading by leaves which enabled a greater direct contribution to seed yield from pod photosynthesis. Alternatively, a restriction in growth of new leaves may have given a greater transfer of assimilate to the pods from older leaves.     

Debridement of septic physeal lesions in 3 foals

Radiographically, osteolysis of the physis consistent with a septic physitis was observed in 3 foals. The foals were treated with surgical debridement and antimicrobials. Two of the horses were sound for use as adults; the third was euthanatized due to concurrent infectious arthritis and septicemia.     

Microneutralisation systems for use with different strains of peste des petits ruminants virus and rinderpest virus

Summary Comparative studies were made to determine the most suitable microtitration system for assaying strains of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and rinderpest virus (RV). Infectivity titres did not differ significantly when assayed in either calf kidney, sheep kidney or Vero cells. However, cytopathic effects were much easier to detect in the latter making them the cell of choice. Addition of small amounts of virus to preformed cell monolayers in microplates with the subsequent addition of maintenance medium give higher infectivity titres than when cell suspension was added to virus, although the latter is more convenient for routine use. The titres of PPRV and neutralising antibodies assayed in tubes and microplates were not significantly different. Simultaneous screening of sera at a 1 in 20 dilution against both PPRV and RV gave a higher incidence of positives against homologous as opposed to heterologous virus.

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Resumen Se hicieron estudios comparativos para determinar el mejor sistema de microtitulación para detectar cepas del virus de la peste de peque?os rumiantes (VPPR) y virus de rinderpest (VR). Los títulos infectivos, no difirieron significativamente cuando los ensayos se efectuaron en cultivos celulares de ri?ón de ternero, de oveja y células Vero. Sin embargo, los efectos citopáticos se detectaron más facilmente en este último, haciendo de este cultivo celular el preferencial para pruebas de microtitulación. La adición, de peque?as poblaciones virables a monocultivos celulares preformados en microplacas, conjuntamente con medio de mantenimiento, dió títulos infectivos más altos, que cuando la suspensión de células se a?adió al virus, aunque este último método es más conveniente para trabajos de rutina. Los títulos del VPPR, y los anticuerpos neutralizantes, pruebas determinadas en tubo y microplacas, no difirieron significativamente. El análisis simultáneo de suero en diluciones 1 en 20 contra los virus de Pest de Peque?os Rumiantes y Rinderpest, dió una incidencia más alta de positivos contra el suero homólogo, que contra el heterólogo.

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Résumé Des études comparatives ont été effectuées pour déterminer la microméthode la mieux adaptée au titrage des souches des virus de la peste des petits ruminants (VPPR) et de la peste bovine (VPB) Les titres d'infectivité n'étaient pas significantivement différents qu'ils soient dosés sur cellules de rein de veau, de rein de mouton ou sur cellules Vero. Cependant, les effects cytopathogènes étaient plus facile à déceler dans les cellules Vero, ce qui en fait les cellules de choix. L'addition de petites quantités de virus aux tapis cellulaires complets en microplaques puis adjonction ultérieure de milieu d'entretien s'est traduit par des titres d'infectivité plus élevés que lorsque le virus était inoculé aux cellules en suspension, bien que cette dernière méthode soit plus commode pour l'utilisation de routine. Les titres du virus de la PPR et des anticorps neutralisants ne se sont pas révélés significativement différents en tubes ou en microplaques. Les examens simultanés de sérums au 1/20 contre à la fois le virus de la PPR et de la PB se tradusient par une fréquence plus élevée de réactions positives aux virus homologues qu'aux virus hétérologues.

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Research project R3792.     

Failure to establish congenital bluetongue virus infection by infecting cows in early pregnancy.

Two groups of 10 pregnant cows were inoculated with bluetongue virus type 11 at either 40 or 60 days of gestation. All the cows became infected as judged by the detection of viraemia and seroconversion but they showed no clinical signs. Seventeen of the cows produced live calves none of which showed any evidence of prenatal infection. After challenge with the same virus all the calves became viraemic and seroconverted. The response to challenge of the two groups did not differ from that of a control group challenged at the same time. It was concluded that the infection of pregnant cows in early gestation with this virus did not result in the transplacental infection of the fetuses and did not produce immunotolerant, latently infected calves.     

Direct binding of protein A, protein G, and anti-IgG conjugates to chicken infectious anemia virus

Recombinant Protein A, recombinant Protein G, and anti-chicken-IgG anti-bodies raised in rabbits, goats, or horses were found to bind directly to chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV). MSB-1 cells infected with the Cux-1 strain of chicken anemia agent, but not to uninfected MSB-1 cells were found to react with fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugates. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, rabbit anti-chicken horseradish peroxidase conjugate bound directly to CIA-1 CIAV-coated plates. In addition, sera from a low percentage of specific-pathogen-free breeder hens reacted in an indirect fluorescent antibody test to detect CIAV antibodies. These reactions generally disappeared within a month. The breeder flocks were demonstrated to be free of CIAV infection by the susceptibility of their progeny.     

A larval development test for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of sheep

First stage larvae of a number of species of parasitic nematodes of sheep have been shown to develop to third stage larvae in the presence of a defined medium consisting of Earle's balanced salt solution and yeast extract. A larval development test, based on this culture technique, was used as a screen for detecting the presence of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of sheep. It was found to be sensitive and simple to use and also appeared capable of detecting resistance to any of the main anthelmintic groups. Available anthelmintic sensitive and resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia circumcincta showed differences in development when incubated in the presence of either thiabendazole, levamisole and ivermectin. These differences were expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration required to prevent larval development over the incubation period.