Contact Characteristics of Parallel Axle Toroidal Continuously Variable Transmission

An analytical study on the contact characteristics of the parallel axle toroidal CVT has been detailed. The shapes of the contact areas between the power roller and input as well as output disks are considered to be ellipses. Mathematical equations for estimating the torque capacity, power loss due to spin action, and contact efficiency of the elliptical contacts of the parallel axle toroidal CVT are formulated and expressed in the form of integrals which can be readily evaluated by numerical scheme. The contact efficiency calculations of the parallel axle toroidal CVT have been developed for a precise understanding of the spin effects under the effect of system parameters. Numerical results are presented, which can help the designer to select the proper system parameters to minimize the undesirable spin effects.     

Exogenous tannase improves feeding value of a diet containing field beans (Vicia faba) when fed to broilers

1. A total of 72 male Ross 308 broilers were used in a study to investigate the effect of dietary tannase on apparent metabolisable energy (AME), coefficients of dry matter retention (DMR) and nitrogen retention (NR) and fat digestibility (FD) of a diet containing 300 g/kg field beans (Vicia faba). Growth performance variables and gastrointestinal tract development were also measured.

2. Two treatments were used in this study: control (C) and C + 3400 tannase units (TU) per kg feed. Diets were formulated to be nutritionally adequate with the exception that the AME was lower than recommended (12.65 vs 12.97 MJ/kg, respectively).

3. Inclusion of tannase increased AME by 0.4 MJ/kg DM. Tannase supplementation improved dietary DMR, NR and FD by 2.8%, 3.2% and 6.5%, respectively.

4. Birds given tannase had 4.4% reduction in feed intake and 2.6% improvement in gain to feed ratio (P < 0.05). Compared to control diet, birds given tannase had reduced relative to body weight (%BW) proventriculus and gizzard and pancreas weights, 3.29% vs 3.09% and 0.47% vs 0.44%, respectively.

5. The mechanisms of action of the studied enzyme require further elucidation.

     

Irrigation erosion of irrigated soils in the foothills of southern Kazakhstan

This paper presented the results from the study of irrigation erosion of irrigated lands in southern Kazakhstan. The main purpose of the work is the conservation of the fertility of irrigated soils, and then the soils of the upper, middle and lower sections of the slopes at the experimental site were studied. Based on field investigations, authors studied the water resistance of aggregates of gray-brown soils and light gray soils before and after irrigation and qualitative indicators of changes in physical and chemical properties of structured soils in irrigation were determined by conventional methods of soil research. The results indicated that the changes in the physical properties of soils by using polymeric compounds created a fundamentally new opportunity to control water erosion of soils.     

新疆地衣新记录科

采自新疆阿尔金山祁曼塔格山区及新疆塔什库尔干山区的新疆1个新记录科地衣——石鳞衣科(Gypsoplacaceae)单属、单种科,包括石鳞衣属(Gypsoplaca Timdal),单种大叶石鳞衣[Gypsoplaca macrophylla(Zahlbr.)Timdal].该种生长在棕钙土上,与其他土生地衣组成以地衣为主的生物结皮.该科、属在新疆首次发现,为新疆地衣区系及系统分类学研究增加了一个新科.对该科地衣的形态学、解剖学、化学和地理分布等进行了描述和讨论.     

新疆额尔齐斯河大峡谷地衣区系特征的初步研究

根据实地调查并结合已有的文献资料,对新疆额尔齐斯河大峡谷地衣区系进行了初步研究.结果表明:该地区地衣共有72种、1个变种,隶属于6目、16科、30属,其中褐梅属(Melanelia Essl.)、石蕊属(Cladonia Wigg.)、地卷属(Peltigera Willd.)等地衣种类较多,分别占9.33％,10.67％,13.33％.在该地区分布的地衣科目中茶渍目占优势,其科、属、种数分别占该地区地衣总数的68.75％,73.33％,69.33％.根据地衣对环境的适应特征和选择性,将新疆额尔齐斯河大峡谷地衣的地理成分可划分为世界广布成分(20.00％)、环北极成分(26.67％)、温带成分(45.33％)、东亚成分(5.33％)和中国特有种(2.67％)等5个分布类型.其中温带成分和环北极成分占该地区地衣总种数的72.00％,占优势地位.     

Identification of new resistant sources for bacterial blight in pomegranate

Bacterial blight is a highly devastating disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae, recording 60 to 80 percent yield-loss of pomegranate in India. In the present investigation, a total of 209 genotypes including 105 exotic types from USDA, 66 wild types and 38 cultivated types from India were screened and categorized into fifteen clusters using cluster and principal component analysis. Genotypes of cluster 15, viz. 108 B and 99 A from USDA and 318734, Daru-18 and IIHR-30 from India, were found to be resistant to bacterial blight while genotypes of cluster 9 were highly susceptible. Two genotypes, each from cluster 15 (318734) and 9 (Ruby), were compared for biochemical and histological parameters to understand the defense mechanism. Significantly, higher accumulation of defense related metabolites, viz. total phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant contents, were observed in resistant genotype (318734). Fewer numbers of stomatal pores that served as portals of entry for plant pathogens were recorded in this genotype. Resistance observed in genotype 318734 might be due to an incompatible interaction between host and pathogen compared to other genotypes. This is the first report of putative resistance sources in pomegranate against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae.     

圆柏果实水浸提液化感作用的初步研究

圆柏(Sabina chinensis L.)成年母树周围很少有实生苗生长,为了检测该植物组织是否具有抑制种子发芽的作用,通过测定圆柏果皮和种子水浸提液对萝卜、白菜和圆柏种子萌发及幼苗根长和苗高的影响,对圆柏果实化感物质的作用进行了研究。结果显示:在高浓度0.1 g/mL果皮水浸提液处理下,萝卜和白菜种子的萌发、苗高和根长生长均受到显著的抑制作用,随着浸提液浓度的降低,其抑制作用逐渐减弱;低浓度(0.01 g/mL,0.03 g/mL)的果皮水浸提液对萝卜种子的萌发、幼苗苗高和根长均表现为促进作用,对白菜种子萌发、幼苗苗高和根长有抑制作用;圆柏种子浸提液对萝卜、白菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用不显著。圆柏果实水浸提液对萝卜和白菜具有明显的化感作用,化感物质主要存在于果皮中,而且圆柏果实的化感作用对参加试验的萝卜和白菜种子具有选择性。圆柏种子在该试验中未发芽,TTC法检测参加试验圆柏种子的活力,发现果皮浸提液处理的圆柏种子有34%具有生活力,子叶在转绿;种子浸提液处理的圆柏种子有37%具有生活力,子叶也在转绿,圆柏种子的发芽率比较低,很大程度上取决于种子的质量,圆柏对自身种子的发芽及幼苗生长的自毒效应需要进一步研究。     

新疆三种旱生藓类植物的比较解剖学观察

本文应用石蜡切片法及扫描电镜相结合的方法对旱生藓类植物茎、叶内部及表面同时进行分析分析,观察到旱藓（Ｉｎｄｕｓｉｅｌｌａｔｈｉａｎｓｃｈａｎｉｃａ Ｂｒｏｔｈ ｅｔ Ｃ．Ｍｕｅｌｌ）茎的皮部细胞面民中冰细胞面积相差悬殊,叶背面细胞皱折相对平滑;山地紫萼藓（ＧｒｉｍｍｉａｍｏｎｔａｎａＢｒｕｃｈｅｔＳｃｈｉｍｐ）茎的内皮层与单子叶植的的内皮层相似,叶背面皮表皱折呈鳞片状;细叶筛齿藓（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｉｄ     

新疆克里雅绿洲土壤盐分、pH和盐基离子空间异质性分析

以克里雅绿洲盐渍化土壤为研究对象,以野外调查与实地数据为基础,采用空间自相关分析与径向基函数插值法,定量分析了克里雅绿洲土壤的含盐量、pH及盐基离子的空间异质特征。结果表明:绿洲盐渍土表聚性强、呈碱性,土壤含盐量从南至北呈现逐渐增大趋势。土壤含盐量、Na~+、Ca(2+)、K~+、Mg2~+、Cl–、SO_4~(2-)均属于强空间变异,HCO_3~–属于中等强度的空间变异,而pH属极弱变异。土壤盐分含量、pH和盐基离子的Moran’s I指数均通过了显著性检验,研究区土壤含盐量、p H与盐基离子在空间上呈现低聚集性。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,土壤盐分含量与Na~+、K~+、Cl~–和SO_4~(2-)含量具有强正相关性(P0.01),与Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)含量中等程度正相关(P0.05);土壤pH与土壤含盐量及盐基离子含量极弱相关。该研究结果可为绿洲水资源合理开发与农业可持续发展提供科学依据,同时可作为盐渍土改良和沙漠化防治等环保工作的决策支撑。     

1990-2014年阿克苏市绿地变化与人口特征关系分析

绿地是城市的自然服务系统,对改善居民生活环境、保护城市生态系统平衡起着不可取代的作用.该研究以干旱区绿洲城市—阿克苏市为研究对象,采用1990-2014年的建成区面积、人口、城市绿化覆盖面积、绿化覆盖率、人均绿化覆盖面积等统计数据,分析25年来城市规模、人口与绿地的发展变化趋势,并通过协调性分析模型估算本市建成区面积、人口与绿化覆盖面积的离差系数,揭示了人口—建成区面积—绿化覆盖面积增长率协调发展特征.结果表明:1990-2014年间,城市人口出现2次先增加后下降态势,建成区面积与城市绿化覆盖面积不断扩大.绿化覆盖率与人均绿化覆盖面积变化呈现出相应的改善趋势.建成区面积与绿化覆盖面积增长率失调比较严重,且失调等级为重度失调;人口与绿化覆盖面积协调发展水平也偏低,失调等级为重度失调.总体来看,阿克苏市城市化与绿地协调发展水平处于不协调状态.因此,为实现阿克苏市城市发展与生态环境的可持续,应着力促进绿化与城市化相协调,优先考虑并提高城市绿地的生态效益.