Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac in sheep following intravenous and intramuscular administration

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to examine the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac (DCLF) in sheep after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) dosing. ANIMALS: Healthy male Najdi sheep. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diclofenac (1 mg kg(-1)) was administered to ten clinically healthy-male Najdi sheep IV or IM (n = 5 each). Blood samples (5 mL) were collected and serum was separated for drug analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Diclofenac pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. RESULTS: Diclofenac is quickly eliminated from sheep with a terminal T(1/2lambda) of 2-3 hours for both routes of administration. Total DCLF clearance after IV and IM administration was 87.86 +/- 24.10 and 85.69 +/- 40.76 mL kg(-1) hour(-1) respectively. The absolute bioavailability of IM DCLF appears to be approximately 100%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The drug should be administered two to three times daily in sheep by IM or IV injection to maintain therapeutic concentrations. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the route of elimination of DCLF in sheep including metabolites formation and the significance of enterohepatic circulation.     

Classification of five pedons near Afgoi,Somalia

Five pedons representing the major soils on the Central Agricultural Research Station located on the Shabelle River floodplain near Afgoi (Somalia) were described and sampled. The samples were analyzed for particle-size distribution, pH, calcium carbonate equivalent, electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio. According to Soil Taxonomy, three pedons were classified as Udic Chromusterts, very fine, isohyperthermic; one as a Udic Chromustert, fine isohyperthermic; and one as a Typic Ustifluvent, fine-loamy isohyperthermic. Four of the pedons were classified as Chromic Vertisols and the fifth as a Calearic Fluvisol according to legend of the FAO-Unesco soil map of the world.     

新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区树附生地衣群落数量分类1）

在托木尔峰国家级自然保护区（海拔2200～3000 m）设置25个20 m×20 m的样地,调查样地内树附生地衣种类、地衣盖度和生境指标。以地衣种盖度为指标,应用除趋势对应分析法（ DCA）和双向指示种分析法（ TWINSPAN）对树附生地衣群落进行数量分类。根据数量分类结果并综合生境特征,将保护区树附生地衣划分为4个群落类型。群落A：茎口果粉衣（ Chaenotheca stemonea （ Ach．） Muell）＋黑蜈蚣衣（ Phaeophyscia nigricans （ Flk．） Moberg）＋枪石蕊群落（Cladonia coniocraea （Floerke） Spreng．）;群落B：黄烛衣（Candelaria concolor （Dicks．） Stein．）＋粉粒树花（ Ramalina pollinaria （ Westr．） Ach）．＋中国树花（ R．sinensis Jatta．）;群落C：柯贝尔副茶渍（ Lecania koerberi-ana Lahm．）＋金黄茶渍（ Candelariella aurella （ Hoffm．） Zahlbr．）＋粗糙猫耳衣（ Lepot gium brebisonii Mont．apud Webb．）;群落D：斑面蜈蚣衣（ Physcia aiop lia （ Humb．） Furnr．）＋类锈橙衣（ Caloplaca ferrugineoides （ H．Magn））＋污白雪花衣（ Anophychia ulto hir coied s （ Vain．） Vain．）。群落B和群落C的相似性最高,相似性系数为0．918;群落C和群落D的相似性系数为0．649;群落A与群落D相似性系数最低,相似性系数为0．264。树附生地衣的分布与海拔的关系较密切,高海拔和低海拔地带树附生地衣群落物种组成具有显著性差异。     

乌鲁木齐南郊亚花松萝重金属含量及其大气污染评价的研究

[目的]利用地衣评价乌鲁木齐南郊空气质量.枝状地衣对空气中的要害气体非常敏感,具有体内富集作用,近年来地衣广泛的应用在空气质量评价中.[方法]采用地衣移植方法,从乌鲁木齐南山八一林场选择亚花松萝,移植到乌鲁木齐南郊的红雁池电厂、新疆大学校园、乌鲁木齐市动物园和乌鲁木齐市人民公园等4个不同点.移植后1和3个月后别取样,应用电感耦合等离子光谱直读法对移植地衣体内的Al、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Zn等7种元素含量进行测定.[结果]亚花松萝体内被测定出的重金属元素种类和含量与移植时间之间存在显著性差异.随着地衣移植时间的延长被检测出的元素种类及含量明显增加,其中Al、Cr、Cu、Mn的含量在各移植点之间有显著性差异.[结论]亚花松萝重金属含量在生物评价乌鲁木齐南郊空气污染方面具有一定的研究价值.     

丛藓科和大帽藓科植物孢子的形态研究

利用光学显微镜(LM)和扫描电镜(SEM),对新疆昆仑山2科4属10种藓类孢子进行了观察。结果表明:所研究种类孢子体积小、孢壁薄、易褶皱、纹饰明显。同科属之间,孢子的形态、直径、近极面结构,特别是外壁纹饰的形状、分布均有差异。该研究可为苔藓植物系统分类、演化及化石孢子的鉴定提供依据。     

New biopolymer nanocomposites based on epoxidized soybean oil plasticized poly(lactic acid)/fatty nitrogen compounds modified clay: Preparation and characterization

Biodegradable polymers, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) have attracted a lot of attention in the scientific community recently due to a rapid growth of intensive interest in the global environment for alternatives to petroleum-based polymeric materials. Fatty nitrogen compounds (FNCs), fatty amides (FA), fatty hydroxamic acids (FHA), and carbonyl difatty amides (CDFA), which were synthesized from vegetable oils, were used as one of organic compounds to modify natural clay (sodium montmorillonite). The clay modification was carried out by stirring the clay particles in an aqueous solution of FA, FHA, and CDFA, by which the clay layer thickness increased from 1.23 to 2.61, 2.84 and 3.19 nm, respectively. The modified clay was then used in the preparation of the PLA/epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) blend nanocomposites. They were prepared by incorporating 2% of CDFA-MMT and 3% of both FA-MMT and FHA-MMT. The interaction of the modifier in the clay layer was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Elemental analysis was used to estimate the presence of FNCs in the clay. The nanocomposites were synthesized by solution casting of the modified clay and a PLA/ESO blend at the weight ratio of 80/20, which has the highest elongation at break. The XRD and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results confirmed the production of nanocomposites. PLA/ESO modified clay nanocomposites show higher thermal stability and significant improvement of mechanical properties in comparison with those of the PLA/ESO blend. The novelty of this study is use of FNCs which reduces the dependence on petroleum-based surfactants.     

新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区岩面生地衣多样性的研究

根据实地调查并结合已有的文献资料,对新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区岩面生地衣区系进行了研究.结果表明:该地区岩面生地衣共有58种,隶属于6目、18科、35属,其中微孢衣属和平茶渍属种类较多,分别占该地区地衣总数的10.34和15.52％.地衣科目中茶渍目占优势,其科、属、种数分别占该地区地衣总数的72.22,74.28,74.14％.根据地衣对环境的适应特征和选择性,将新疆托木尔峰国家级自然保护区岩面生地衣的地理成分可划分为环北极成分、世界广布成分、中国特有种、欧亚-北美成分、中亚成分、中亚-西亚成分、广泛分布成分等7个分布类型.     

阿勒泰大青河林场地衣物种多样性的研究

根据实地调查资料并结合前人的研究数据,初步鉴定出阿勒泰大青河林场地衣种类52种,隶属于4目、10科、21属.其中茶渍目地衣有6科、16属、42种,分别占该地区地衣科属种总数的60.00％、76.19％、80.77％.优势科主要集中在茶渍目的梅衣科、蜈蚣衣科和石蕊科,占地衣总数的67.31％.根据研究地区的生态环境特征及地衣种类组成,将该地区地衣的地理分布区类型划分为世界广布种、环北极-高山种、北半球大陆广布种、环北方种、环低北极及北方种、东亚种、温带种、两半球广布种、地中海、西亚和中亚种、两极和大西洋种、中国特有种共11种.同时对地衣的生长基物类型进行了统计分析.     

Utilization of molecular markers for improving the phosphorus efficiency in crop plants

Phosphorus (P) is the second most growth limiting macronutrient after nitrogen and plays several important roles in all organisms including plants. In soil, P is available in both organic and inorganic forms. P deficiency reduces the growth and yield of several crop plants. Plants respond to P deficiency by the phenotypic changes especially by the modification of root architecture. Molecular marker‐assisted breeding (MAB) has been proposed as an important tool to identify and develop improved varieties of crop plants with efficient P‐use efficiency (PUE). Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for traits related to PUE has been considered as the first step in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) and improvement of crop yield programmes. In this review, we describe in detail on architectural changes of roots under P deficiency that are reported in various crops and discuss the efforts made to improve PUE using molecular marker tools. Details on QTLs identified for low P‐stress tolerance in various crop plants are presented. These QTLs can be used to improve PUE in crop plants through MAS and breeding, which may be beneficial to improve the yields under P‐deficient soil. Development of new and improved varieties using MAB will limit the use of non‐renewable fertilizers and improve PUE of key crop plants in low input agriculture.     

灰色评估模型定量评价于田绿洲土壤盐渍化风险

针对土壤盐渍化这一干旱区重大生态环境问题,以新疆维吾尔自治区于田绿洲为研究靶区,在野外踏探、室内试验的基础上,将土壤电导率作为评价盐渍化风险生态终点,选择地面蒸散发、地表温度、地表反照率、地面高程、地下水埋深、地下水电导率、地上生物量、叶面积指数、归一化植被指数、表层土壤pH值、表层土壤含水率、土地利用/覆被类型、人口密度和人均耕地面积共14个评价指标作为主要盐渍化风险源,通过遥感与GIS技术获取这些评价因子空间数据集,同时进行数据标准化、叠加并生成相应的栅格图层集,采用Pearson相关性分析法确定评价因子风险权重,引入灰色系统分析法构建研究区盐渍化风险灰色评价模型,构建了土壤盐渍化风险评价模型,并对研究区的盐渍化风险进行定量评价与分析。结果表明:整个研究区盐渍化风险值介于0.053～0.747之间,平均值达到0.190。总体以一般风险为主,盐渍化高度风险占23.37%,虽然分布面积不大,但对绿洲北部区域的生态环境和农业生产影响深远。研究可为干旱区绿洲的土地资源管理、农田系统的合理布局及农业可持续发展中的风险决策提供数据基础与参考依据。