Development of fungicide resistance of wheat and barley pathogens against strobilurins: A methodological approach

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - A methodological approach was conducted to investigate how fast isolates of a “one-race-population” adapt to an ingredient with fungicidal...     

Radiological investigations of osteochondrosis dissecans in Standardbred Trotters and Swedish Warmblood horses

A total of 106 Standardbred Trotters and 27 Swedish Warmblood horses, with a radiological diagnosis of osteochondrosis dissecans, were studied over a six year period. The majority were young horses. No statistical difference in frequency between the sexes was demonstrated. In both breeds osteochondrosis was most common in the hock joints, the site of predilection being the distal dorsal tip of the intermediate tibial ridge. On radiographs the lesions of the hock joints were graded on a scale from 0 to 5 according to size, number and localisation of defects and visible loose bodies. The sizes of the loose bodies estimated radiologically were fairly closely correlated with those found at surgery or autopsy.     

Isotopic compositions of cometary matter returned by Stardust

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopic compositions are heterogeneous among comet 81P/Wild 2 particle fragments; however, extreme isotopic anomalies are rare, indicating that the comet is not a pristine aggregate of presolar materials. Nonterrestrial nitrogen and neon isotope ratios suggest that indigenous organic matter and highly volatile materials were successfully collected. Except for a single (17)O-enriched circumstellar stardust grain, silicate and oxide minerals have oxygen isotopic compositions consistent with solar system origin. One refractory grain is (16)O-enriched, like refractory inclusions in meteorites, suggesting that Wild 2 contains material formed at high temperature in the inner solar system and transported to the Kuiper belt before comet accretion.     

Befallserkennung und Populationsüberwachung vorratsschädlicher Motten (Phycitinae) in einer Schokoladenfabrik mit Hilfe pheromonbeköderter Klebefallen

Zusammenfassung Die relativ einfache Anwendung von Sexualpheromon-fallen, beködert mit je 50 g (Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienylacetat (TDA), zur Befallserkennung, Lokalisierung und Populationsüberwachung schädlicher Motten in Schokoladenfabriken konnte in einem 1 Jahr dauernden Praxisversuch demonstriert werden. In dem Silo-, Verlese- und Lagerraum einer Schokoladenfabrik wurden die der Unterfamilie Phycitinae angehörendenCadra cautella (Walker),Ephestia elutella (Hübner) undPlodia interpunctella (Hübner) an TDA-Fallen in beträchtlicher Anzahl gefangen. Anhand der pro Woche geköderten Motten konnten Fangkurven registriert werden, woraus neben Fangmaxima, Fangbeginn und-ende auch Erfolg oder Mißerfolg der ausgeführten Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen ersichtlich wurden. Aus dem Verlauf derartiger Mottenfangkurven läßt sich der günstigste Zeitpunkt für aussichtsreiche Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen ablesen.Das Verhältnis der an Pheromon- und Kontrollfallen gefangenen Männchen betrug 1,71 fürC. cautella, 5,61 fürP. interpunctella, und 160 fürE. elutella im Siloraum; es betrug 21 fürC. cautella, 311 fürP. interpunctella und 53,61 fürE. elutella im Verleseraum sowie 11,21 fürP. interpunctella im Lagerraum. Andererseits waren die angeflogenen Weibchen der 3 Arten ziemlich gleichmäßig an den Pheromon- und Kontrollfallen verteilt. Unter den gegebenen Versuchsbedingungen landeten die angelockten Männchen vonP. interpunctella undE. elutella verhältnismäßig gezielt im Nahbereich der Pheromonkapsel, wogegen die Männchen vonC. cautella nahezu die gesamte Fallenoberfläche anflogen. Die möglichen Ursachen der unterschiedlichen Fängigkeit der TDA-Fallen für die genannten Phycitidenarten wurden diskutiert.

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The use of adhesive pheromone traps for the detection and surveillance of storage moths (Phycitinae) in a chocolate factory

Adhesive traps baited with 50 g of (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (TDA) were found convenient in order to detect and survey moth infestations in a chocolate factory. During a 1 year-experiment 309, 200 and 159 phycitid moths were caught in the silo, the selection and the storage room, respectively. A population of 3 species withCadra cautella (Walker) dominating in the silo andEphestia elutella (Hübner) dominating in the selection room was discovered, whereas a single species, viz.Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), was found in the storage room.Males ofE. elutella andP. interpunctella were attracted by TDA traps at a higher rate than the males ofC. cautella. The majority of maleE. elutella andP. interpunctella landed in the vicinity of the pheromone capsule on the trap surface, while most of the maleC. cautella were found distributed over a relatively large area of the pheromone trap surface. When compared with the number of males caught on control traps, pheromone traps captured 1.7 times moreC. cautella, 5.6 times moreP. interpunctella and at least 16 times moreE. elutella in the silo, twice moreC. cautella, 31 times moreP. interpunctella and 53.6 times moreE. elutella in the selection room as well as 11.2 times moreP. interpunctella in the storage room. The females of the above species were observed in similar numbers on pheromone and control traps.Curves based on weekly moth captures by pheromone traps can reflect start, peak and termination of the flight period as well as the fluctuations in moth catches following (in)effective control measures. Capture curves can be employed also for selecting the suitable time for control measures as well as for checking the results of such treatments.

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Mit 8 Abbildungen und einer Tabelle

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Teil einer Promotionsarbeit unter Leitung von Prof. Dr.V. Delucchi sowie mit finanzieller Unterstützung der Firma F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co. AG, Basel (T. Hoppe).

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Die Förderung dieser Arbeit vom Ministerium für Forschung und Technologie der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wird dankend anerkannt (Prof.Levinson).     

Dynamic Compression of the Cervical Spinal Cord: A Myelographic and Pathologic Investigation in Great Dane Dogs

The authors report the radiographic and pathologic findings in 10 Great Dane dogs with the wobbler syndrome. In all 10 dogs it was possible to demonstrate myelographically that there was cervical spinal cord compression at 1 or 2 sites. The spinal cord compression was mainly dynamic in nature, as degree of compression increased in extension and decreased in flexion of the neck in 8 dogs. In 1 dog with deformed vertebral bodies (G6 and C7), compression increased slightly in flexion of the neck. In another dog, compression was lateral and could only be seen in the ventrodorsal view.The macroscopic findings substantiated the radiologic findings. The cause of the spinal cord compression was in 8 dogs a decrease in the dorsoventral diameter of the orifice of the vertebral canal of 1 or 2 vertebrae in combination with deformation and elongation of 1 or several vertebral arches. In extension of the neck, the cervical spinal cord was squeezed between the anterior tip of the elongated vertebral arch and the caudodorsal rim of the body of the adjacent cranial vertebra.Histologic examination was made of the spinal cord in 5 dogs and the compressive lesions that were found could explain the neurologic signs.In the discussion, the question is raised as to why pain is not a prominent sign in dogs with the wobbler syndrome in contrast to in dogs with cervical disc protrusion. It is believed that the inflammatory foreign body reaction, triggered by the protruded calcified nucleus pulposus is the main cause of pain in the disc protrusion syndrome. In the wobbler syndrome there is no obvious inflammatory reaction in the epidural space.Finally, the possible etiologic factors oC importance for the deformation oC the cervical vertebrae in wobblers are discussed. There are indications that both overnutrition and a genetic trait for rapid growth are of importance.     

Differential effect of diclofop-methyl on fatty acid biosynthesis in leaves of sensitive and tolerant plant species

The herbicide diclofop-methyl caused an early and pronounced inhibition of the incorporation of [¹⁴C]acetate into leaf lipids of the sensitive plant species maize (Zea may L.), wild oat (Avena fatua L.), and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.). With an EC₅₀ value of approximately 10^?7M inhibition was already apparent 0.5–4 hr after herbicide application. The fatty acid biosynthesis of tolerant bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.) was not affected, with one exception [wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) belongs to the more tolerant species]; the inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis, however, was in the same order of magnitude as in sensitive plants. More detailed studies showed that in wheat a recovery from inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis occurred. Four days after herbicide application (0.18 kg diclofop-methyl/ha) in wheat normal fatty acid biosynthesis was restored, whereas in sensitive maize a 60% inhibition was maintained over the whole experimental period (8 days). The results support the view that tolerance of wheat to diclofop-methyl is based on its inactivation in leaves, whereas the tolerance of dicotyledonous species may probably lie at the level of the site of action of diclofop-methyl. In experiments with intact leaves, the inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis resulted in an enhanced flow of [¹⁴C]acetate into organic acids and amino acids. This effect, however, was not always reproducible in experiments with leaf pieces or isolated root tips.     

Molecular identification of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and detection from frass samples based on real-time quantitative PCR

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky 1853) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), the Asian Longhorned Beetle, is native to temperate and subtropical areas of China...