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41.
Dinitrogen fixation and legume productivity are greatly influenced through the interactions of legume host, Rhizobium, and the above- and below-ground environment. The benefits of improving legume N2 fixation include reduced reliance on soil N, leading to more sustainable agricultural systems and reduced requirements for fertilizer N, enhanced residual benefits to subsequent crops, and increased legume crop yields. Most of the gains in N2 fixation to date have been derived from management of legume cropping systems and through inoculation of legume seed with competitive and symbiotically effective rhizobia. Further gains are possible by developing plant cultivars with tolerance to soil abiotic factors, increased plant yield, and a broader and more effective matching of plant host and rhizobia. Techniques for screening material for superior N2 fixation and examples of programs to increase fixed N, with attention to the major abiotic stresses, are discussed. 相似文献
42.
43.
T. H. Beck 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1979,142(3):344-364
Nitrification in soils A literature review is given on the biology of nitrifying organisms, the nitrification process in soil and factors influencing nitrification in soil with special reference to the following aspects:
- 1 Importance of nitrification in the nitrogen cycle.
- 2 Biology of nitrifying micro-organisms.
- 2.1 Chemolithotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic micro-organisms.
- 2.2 Physiology and biochemistry of nitrifying micro-organisms: gain of energy, specifity and concentration of substrate, influence of soil reaction.
- 3. Methods for the measuring nitrification in soil.
- 3.1 Experiments for the determination of nitrification.
- 3.2 Calculation of the nitrification process.
- 4. The course of nitrification in different soils.
- 4.1 Rate of nitrification.
- 4.2 Influence of various environments: soil reaction, temperature, oxygen and water content.
- 4.3 Effect of soil organic matter and vegetation.
44.
Fernández-Surumay G Osweiler GD Yaeger MJ Rottinghaus GE Hendrich S Buckley LK Murphy PA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(10):4264-4271
The effects of fumonisin B-glucose reaction products in swine diets was examined. Pigs were fed diets containing 528 micromol of total fumonisin B/kg (FB), 528 micromol of total FB-glucose adducts/kg (FB-G, 122 micromol of unreacted FB/kg), or 0 micromol of total FB/kg for 15 days to test the efficacy of the FB-G reaction products in detoxifying FB. Weight gain in FB pigs was lower than in FB-G or controls, which was correlated with feed intake reduction in FB pigs. Serum aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and total bilirubin in FB pigs were higher than in FB-G or control pigs. Serum sphinganine/shingosine ratios in FB pigs were higher than in FB-G or control pigs. Microscopic examination of tissues from FB pigs showed generalized liver necrosis and apoptosis with marked cellular pleomorphism and disorganized hepatic cords. The liver and kidneys in the FB-G group appeared to be normal. Tissues of controls were free of lesions. Results suggest that dietary FB-G products are less toxic to swine and may provide an detoxification approach in instances of widespread FB grain contamination (p < 0.05). 相似文献
45.
Simons AL Renouf M Hendrich S Murphy PA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(10):4258-4263
The relationship between chemical structure and gut microbial degradation rates of 14 flavonoids, flavone, apigenin, chrysin, naringenin, kaempferol, genistein, daidzein, daidzin, puerarin, 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone, 6,4'-dihydroxyflavone, 5,4'-dihydroxyflavone, 5,3'-dihydroxyflavone, and 4'-hydroxyflavone, was investigated by anaerobically fermenting the flavonoids with human gut microflora (n = 11 subjects). Degradation rates for the 5,7,4'-trihydroxyl flavonoids, apigenin, genistein, naringenin, and kaempferol, were significantly faster than the other structural motifs. Puerarin was resistant to degradation by the gut microflora. Extensive degradation of flavonoids by gut microflora may result in lower overall bioavailability than those flavonoids that are slowly degraded because rapidly degrading flavonoids are less likely to be absorbed intact. 相似文献
46.
K. H. Domsch T. H. Beck J. P. E. Anderson B. Sderstrm D. Parkinson G. Trolldenier 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1979,142(3):520-533
A comparison was made of 15 different techniques which are used in assessing soil microbial populations and/or biomasses. These include direct observations (fungal standing crop, fluorescein diacetate active mycelia, acridine orange stained bacteria), cultural methods (bacterial plate counts), physiological methods (total microbial, bacterial and fungal biomasses, O2-uptake), soil enzyme analyses (dehydrogenase, catalase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, protease, amylase), and ATP-analyses. The various techniques were applied to six soils known to have different microbial characteristics. The results are discussed with respect to the convertability of counts and measurements into microbial biomasses, the variability of the techniques, the correlations within comparable groups of methods, and the practical limitations in application of individual methods to different soils. 相似文献
47.
Hu J Zheng YL Hyde W Hendrich S Murphy PA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(9):2689-2696
The metabolism of soyasaponin I (3-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl]olean-12-ene-3beta,22beta,24-triol) by human fecal microorganisms was investigated. Fresh feces were collected from 15 healthy women and incubated anaerobically with 10 mmol soyasaponin I/g feces at 37 degrees C for 48 h. The disappearance of soyasaponin I in this in vitro fermentation system displayed apparent first-order rate loss kinetics. Two distinct soyasaponin I degradation phenotypes were observed among the subjects: rapid soyasaponin degraders with a rate constant k = 0.24 +/- 0.04 h(-)(1) and slow degraders with a k = 0.07 +/- 0.02 h(-)(1). There were no significant differences in the body mass index, fecal moisture, gut transit time, and soy consumption frequency between the two soyasaponin degradation phenotypes. Two primary gut microbial metabolites of soyasaponin I were identified as soyasaponin III (3-O-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl]olean-12-ene-3beta,22beta,24-triol) and soyasapogenol B (olean-12-ene-3beta,22beta,24-triol) by NMR and electrospray ionized mass spectroscopy. Soyasaponin III appeared within the first 24 h and disappeared by 48 h. Soyasapogenol B seemed to be the final metabolic product during the 48 h anaerobic incubation. These results indicate that dietary soyasaponins can be metabolized by human gut microorganisms. The sugar moieties of soyasaponins seem to be hydrolyzed sequentially to yield smaller and more hydrophobic metabolites. 相似文献
48.
The influence of sewage sludge on microbial activity in soil The effect of untreated, pasteurized and irradiated sewage sludge on soil biology was studied in model and field experiments. Sewage sludge from the sewage plant Geiselbullach in the west of Munich city was used for these experiments. The investigations were performed with 4 soil types according to the different locations. All the results demonstrate that there is an increase in biomass after application of sewage sludge while there were definite influences from the location. No significant relation could be observed according to sewage sludge treatment. Under favourable lab conditions the mineralization of the organic matter applied to the soil with higher amounts of sewage sludge induces in short time a definite decrease in pH. In accordance with these changes in pH there is a corresponding decrease in microbial biomass. Early results on the influence of microbial N-cycle demonstrated that amounts of sewage sludge applied under practical conditions brought an increase in denitrification capacity of the soil. In the experiment with soils nitrification rate was doubled after sewage sludge application. 相似文献
49.
Estrogenic activity in white and red wine extracts 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Klinge CM Risinger KE Watts MB Beck V Eder R Jungbauer A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(7):1850-1857
50.
Beck CB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1960,131(3412):1524-1525
Characters of two Upper Devonian genera, Archaeopteris, often considered to be a fern, and Callixylon, classified with the gymnosperms, have been recognized in a single specimen. 相似文献