The nutrient and glycoalkaloid content of a new potato meal

The nutrient and glycoalkaloid content of a new potato meal produced as a by-product of starch manufacture using low temperature dehydration was determined. Comparisons were made between the new potato meal and the previously manufactured meal which was prepared by high temperature dehydration. The glycoalkaloid content of the new potato meal was 15.53mg α-chaconine and 4.75mg α-solanine per 100g meal compared to 15.79mg α-chaconine and 7.83mg α-solanine in the potato meal produced by high temperature dehydration. The new potato meal contained 2% more protein and 1.9, 3.4 and 1.2 times more niacin, riboflavin and thiamin, respectively than the previous by-product. The potassium and phosphorus concentrations were approximately 2.0 and 0.2%, respectively. Other minerals were found in lesser concentrations with the sodium content being only 7.4mg/100g potato meal. A 28g serving would provide approximately 5, 7 and 4% of the RDA for protein, niacin and thiamin, respectively.     

Changes in Plasma Concentrations of Sex Steroids in Adult Pacific Halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis

Blood samples were collected from captive Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis , at intervals of about six weeks from early December 1986 to late November 1987. Concentrations of plasma androgen and estradiol-17β were determined by radioimmunoassay. The plasma concentrations of steroid were highest during autumn and winter in halibut that matured during late winter. The concentrations of steroids in samples collected in December were above 2 ng/mL (estradiol) or 1 ng/mL (androgen) in maturing females and below 0.5 ng/mL for both steroids in non-maturing females. The levels of steroids decreased rapidly about one month before spawning. In a mature male, androgen began to rise in August and November, and reached a peak of 7 ng/mL in early December. One month before spawning, the androgen concentration fell to 0.16 ng/mL. Estradiol concentrations were detectable in the male and varied little during the year. In immature fish, neither androgen nor estradiol changed significantly throughout the year. These results suggest that the concentrations of estradiol or androgen measured in blood samples taken during December may be used to determine the sex and state of maturation of Pacific halibut.     

Seismicity remotely triggered by the magnitude 7.3 landers, california, earthquake

The magnitude 7.3 Landers earthquake of 28 June 1992 triggered a remarkably sudden and widespread increase in earthquake activity across much of the western United States. The triggered earthquakes, which occurred at distances up to 1250 kilometers (17 source dimensions) from the Landers mainshock, were confined to areas of persistent seismicity and strike-slip to normal faulting. Many of the triggered areas also are sites of geothermal and recent volcanic activity. Static stress changes calculated for elastic models of the earthquake appear to be too small to have caused the triggering. The most promising explanations involve nonlinear interactions between large dynamic strains accompanying seismic waves from the mainshock and crustal fluids (perhaps including crustal magma).     

Choanal atresia in a cat

CASE HISTORY: A 5-month-old domestic shorthair kitten with a history of chronic left unilateral nasal discharge was examined.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: Endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a complete membranous obstruction of the left nasal choana, confirming congenital unilateral choanal atresia. In addition, congenital hydrocephalus was detected on CT. Nasopharyngoscopy was performed for confirmation and treatment of choanal atresia.

DIAGNOSIS: Unilateral membranous choanal atresia associated with congenital hydrocephalus.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This report describes a rare congenital condition and for the first time, CT imaging provided an accurate diagnosis and allowed planning for the successful treatment of unilateral membranous choanal atresia. In addition, concurrent congenital hydrocephalus was diagnosed.     

Effects of feeding glandless or glanded cottonseed products and gossypol to Tilapia aurea

Seven isocaloric and isonitrogenous practical diets in which either glanded or glandless cottonseed products were substituted for soybean and/or peanut meals, and three purified diets containing graded levels of gossypol were fed to fingerling Tilapia aurea for a period of 10 weeks. Growth, feed conversion and survival data indicated that glanded and glandless cottonseed products were not as high in nutritive value for tilapia as are soybean and peanut meals. The inferior performance of fish fed cottonseed protein did not appear to be related to dietary gossypol. Carcass fatty acids generally reflected dietary fatty acids. An increase in palmitic and linoleic fatty acids was observed in fish fed fullfat, glandless cottonseed flour.     

Early Larval Growth of Pacific Halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis

Growth of Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis larvae was studied in the laboratory during 1989 and 1991. Larvae increased in length from 6.3 mm at hatching to 9.9 mm 20 d post-hatch. The average daily length increment was 0.17 mm. Dry weight of the larvae increased from an average of 210 μg at hatching to 570 μ g on day 20, providing a specific growth rate of 4.99. During the same period, mean yolk sac weight decreased from 1,390 μ g to 646 μ g, resulting in a yolk to body conversion efficiency of 48.5%. At hatching, the larval body made up only 13% of total dry weight. On day 20, the larval body made up 46.9% of the total weight. Larvae started feeding at a length of 12 mm after about 90% of their yolk sac had been absorbed.     

Effects of Environmental Factors on Egg Development and Hatching of Pacific Halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis

Eggs of Pacific halibut were incubated under various environmental conditions. Optimum hatching occurred over a temperature range from 6 C to 8 C, whereas temperatures of 3, 10, and 11 C were lethal. Development time from fertilization to 50% hatching varied from 250 h (9 C) to 320 h (6.5 C). Salinity effects on hatching were not as critical as temperature, as long as eggs were floating during the incubation period. Light intensity between 5 and 15 lux did not affect hatching success, but high light intensity (15 lux) and red and blue light (5 lux) produced high levels of larval abnormality. Simulated transport of unfertilized eggs indicated that the eggs can be safely moved and that fertilization rate is acceptable during the first 12 h after collection.     

The Effects of Substituting Selected Oilseed Protein Concentrates for Fish Meal in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Diets

Three oilseed protein concentrates (soybean, canola, and sunflower) were evaluated to determine their potential, when supplemented with deficient essential amino acids, to partially or completely replace fish meal in diets fed to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss . Triplicate aquaria of juvenile trout (average weight of 12 g) were fed the experimental diets for 10 wk, at which time the average weight of the fish was approximately sixfold higher than the initial weight. Average fish weight gains on diets in which the protein component was 100% fish meal; 75% fish meal, 25% soybean protein concentrate; 50% fish meal, 50% soybean protein concentrate; and 75% fish meal, 25% sunflowerseed protein concentrate were not significantly different ( P < 0.05). The average weight of fish fed a commercial feed was significantly lower than that of fish fed the 100% fish meal diet, but not significantly different from fish fed the three other formulations mentioned above. Fish fed diets containing 50% fish meal, 50% canola protein concentrate; and 25% fish meal, 75% sunflowerseed protein concentrate had significantly lower average final weights than those of fish fed the other diets. Feed conversion ratio patterns among the dietary treatment groups reflected those of weight gain. Fish survival exceeded 95% on all diets. Apparent protein digestibility coefficients ranged from 79.5% (75% soybean protein concentrate, 25% canola protein concentrate) to 90.6% (100% soybean protein concentrate). The results of this study demonstrated that certain oilseed protein concentrates have good potential as protein sources in rainbow trout feeds when properly supplemented with essential amino acids.     

Nutrient dynamics in integrated aquaculture–hydroponics systems

Changes in concentrations of dissolved Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, NO₃-N, Na, P, and Zn, as a function of increasing biomass of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed a commercial diet in integrated aquaculture–hydroponic systems growing romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa longifolia cv. Jericho), were monitored over three, 28-day experimental trials. The integrated systems, 320–330 l in volume, were filled initially with a complete nutrient hydroponic solution, and were operated at a 100% recirculation rate. Treatment levels were 0 (control) 151, 377, 902, and 1804 g of fish/system and treatments were conducted in duplicate. Nutrient concentrations and mutual ratios of nutrients quickly departed from initial conditions because the relative proportion of dissolved nutrients excreted by fish and subsequently absorbed by plants differed. The removal of nutrients by lettuce, fish, and solids collection was determined as a function of treatment size. The objective of this study was to quantify both the flow of nutrients through representative integrated aquaculture–hydroponics systems and the effects of different quantities of feed nutrient input on changes in nutrient-specific concentrations.