土壤颗粒分布体积分形维数与数量分形维数之间的关系

土壤的体积颗粒分布(PSD)可用于同时确定数量分形维数(DN)和体积分形维数(DV)。以往的试验和理论研究均未直接比较DV和DN的关系。为建立DV和DN的关系并分析其参数的敏感程度,在中国各地取了12种不同质地土壤,利用激光粒度仪进行了测定。提出了含3个参数Rupper(颗粒半径的上限),Ri(第i个半径)和Rlower(半径下限)的DV-DN理论关系,该关系可说明为什么DN可能大于3。在未调整的幂定律范围内(PLR),DV的幂定律半径为38.6～85.8μm,DN的幂定律半径为53.2～358μm,估算的DV值(2.18～2.69)比DN值(2.38～3.19)小。调整后的PLR比未调整的窄。在调整的PLRs范围内,估算的DV值变化范围为2.11～2.56,而DN变化范围为2.28～3.02。调整和未调整PLRs得出的DV和DN的差异说明,Rupper,Rlower,Ri和Rlower/Rupper均可能影响DV与DN关系,有必要进行参数的敏感性分析。进行敏感性分析可基于敏感系数(C)来鉴别DV-DN关系中各参数改变所引起的DV和DN相对变化,从而找出对该关系影响最大的参数。就不同情况下计算的C值而言,Rupper是影响DN值的最重要参数,小的Rupper值可能导致估算DN的准确度降低。PLR范围越大,DN的估算越准确。根据DV估算DN的相对误差的绝对值在12%范围内,说明得出的DV-DN理论关系是正确的。     

Biofortification of soybean meal: immunological properties of the 27 kDa γ-zein

Legumes, including soybeans ( Glycine max ), are deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids, which are required for the optimal growth of monogastric animals. This deficiency can be overcome by expressing heterologous proteins rich in sulfur-containing amino acids in soybean seeds. A maize 27 kDa γ-zein, a cysteine-rich protein, has been successfully expressed in several crops including soybean, barley, and alfalfa with the intent to biofortify these crops for animal feed. Previous work has shown that the maize 27 kDa zein can withstand digestion by pepsin and elicit an immunogenic response in young pigs. By use of sera from patients who tested positive by ImmunoCAP assay for elevated IgE to maize proteins, specific IgE binding to the 27 kDa γ-zein is demonstrated. Bioinformatic analysis using the full-length and 80 amino acid sliding window FASTA searches identified significant sequence homology of the 27 kDa γ-zein with several known allergens. Immunoblot analysis using human serum that cross-reacts with maize seed proteins also revealed specific IgE-binding to the 27 kDa γ-zein in soybean seed protein extracts containing the 27 kDa zein. This study demonstrates for the first time the allergenicity potential of the 27 kDa γ-zein and the potential that this protein has to limit livestock performance when used in soybeans that serve as a biofortified feed supplement.     

Long-Term Fertilization Effects on Rice Productivity and Nutrient Efficiency in Korean Paddy

ABSTRACT

Long-term fertilization tests evaluated rice (Oryza sativa) productivity in relation to application of nitrogen (N)-phosphorus (P)-potassium (K) (120-34.9-66.7 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1967–1972 and N-P-K (150-43.7-83.3 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1973–2000. The comparison treatments (NP, PK, and NK) and the control (not fertilized) were selected for calculating nutrient efficiency. Rice grain yield increased at a 17.78 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} in the control, mainly due to development of improved cultivars. Phosphorus management was found to be important for indigenous fertility and rice productivity in this paddy soil. Yield increased significantly with P fertilization. Without N fertilization (PK), rice productivity increased 56.85 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} from 62% of NPK at the initial stage to 74% after passing 34 years, which might be affected by increasing biological N fixation with P accumulation in soil. In NK treatment, rice yield increased at a relatively low rate (37.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) from the same rice productivity with that of NPK in 1967 to 91% after 34 years. In comparison, yield increased at a high rate (62.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) without K fertilization (NP) from ca. 90% of NPK and might exceed the yield of NPK after 64 years of long-term fertilization. Therefore, K fertilization level might be readjusted after long-term fertilizing in paddy soil.     

基于运行工况的低水头水轮发电机不圆度分析

由于结构的特殊性,农村电网中低水头、小容量发电机在运行中圆度变化较大,影响着发电机的稳定性。为了改善该类型发电机运行品质,提高低水头水轮发电机可靠性,该文针对发电机运行参数进行数据分析、并进行理论解析方程及ANSYS仿真分析计算,对造成发电机不圆度机理进行研究,发现作用在低水头水轮发电机特殊结构上的不平衡重力及交变离心力导致发电机偏心,从而造成发电机不圆度增大。同时偏心引起的不平衡磁拉力对机组稳定性影响较大,反过来不平衡磁拉力又使发电机不圆度增大。依据该文研究结论提出了低水头、小容量发电机安全运行措施,经过实际运行考验,证实运行效果比较理想。该研究可为农村小水电发电机安全运行提供一种解决方法。     

A Laboratory Column Study on the Biodegradation of Toluene and Methyl tert–Butyl Ether: The Effect of Substrate Interactions

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is one of the most effective remediation technologies for soil and groundwater contamination. Soil particles can be mobilized by air perturbation during SVE, resulting in the differentiation of porous media, which has not been well addressed. This paper developed a numerical method to study the flow pattern and quantify the change of porous media for the first time. Based on the mass equilibrium and Darcy’s law, a two-phase water–air flow model was constructed with integration of saturation, relative permeability, and capillary pressure during SVE. Relationship between porosity and saturation was deduced and coupled with the two-phase flow model for quantifying change of porous media in real time. Results reveal that both porosity and permeability increase sharply in the early stage of SVE then gradually to a quasi-steady state. These increases in vadose zone tapered off with distance from the SVE screen and the steady period occurred later as well. The influence radius of a single SVE well and the change degree in porosity and permeability of media were proportional to the extraction vacuum and the driving coefficient C, which is more sensitive than extraction vacuum according to the simulation results. Knowledge from this modeling exercise provides a useful tool to estimate the change of remediated zone and assess the environmental risk of remedial activities at real-world contamination sites.     

Improved Calibration for Estimating Soil Properties with a Multifunctional Heat Pulse Probe

A multifunctional heat pulse probe (MFHPP) can measure soil thermal and hydraulic properties. Though its successful implementation has been documented, previous studies have reported some limitations. One specific cause of the limitations is the absorption of the generated heat pulse within the probe itself, which creates error in the measurements. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a new calibration method to account for measurement error due to heat loss to the probe. A MFHPP was constructed and tested in six soil types using both a traditional method and the newly developed calibration method. The new calibration utilizes heat pulse response curves from real soils with thermal conductivities similar to that of the MFHPP rather than the traditional agar-stabilized water solution. This new approach significantly reduced average measurement errors from 9.1% to 2.4% for heat capacity and 13.5% to 4.5% for volumetric water content.     

仿生敲击式山核桃破壳机的设计与试验

针对目前国内山核桃破壳机实用机型少,破壳率较低,果仁损伤率较高等情况,提出了一种仿生敲击(即模仿人工加工山核桃的方式)破壳方式,研制一款仿生敲击式山核桃破壳机。根据山核桃的物料特性以及破壳时所需的各项力学特性参数,建立了破壳机构设计的数学模型。确定了敲击臂的结构尺寸,优化了凸轮结构,并最终得到了凸轮的实际轮廓曲线。该文阐述了破壳机的总体结构与性能,建立了整机的三维实体模型,并根据建模制造了样机。该样机通过现场试验,结果表明:山核桃的含水率为14.55%~16.35%,大小为直径18~22 mm(沿缝合线方向)时,破壳率为99.41%,果仁损伤率为6.25%,生产率为94.93 kg/h,满足生产要求。该研究丰富与完善了坚果类果实的破壳机理与方法,为含隔坚果类的破壳机具设计与开发提供系统的理论依据和应用基础。     

工程车辆翻车事故中司机头部伤害与保护仿真

为了研究司机的头部在碰撞中的机械响应特性,该文采用有限元三维实体建模技术,建立了成人头部碰撞模型。通过虚拟试验方法使用成人头部模型对驾驶室内饰进行冲击分析,比较不同厚度和密度的聚氨酯泡沫对人体头部损伤评价指标的影响。结果表明：头部损伤值（HIC(d)）随着泡沫厚度的增加而减小,随着密度的增大,呈现先减后增的二次抛物线趋势。在驾驶室内壁覆盖18 mm厚的聚氨酯泡沫材料可以降低翻车事故中二次碰撞对司机头部的损伤。     

Nomenclature and genetic relationships of apples and pears from Terceira Island

Heritage apple (Malus domestica Borkh. hybrids) and pear (Pyrus communis L. hybrid) trees grow in villages throughout Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. Some of these pears have different names but similar morphology. The objective of this study was to determine synonymy, homology, and phylogeny of apples and pears from Terceira and to examine potential relationships of the island pears with standard apples and pears of Portuguese or American descent. Nine apple microsatellite markers were used to determine genetic relationships. Distance- and parsimony-based cluster analysis grouped these genotypes into separate apple and pear clades. The Terceira apples were divided into two clades: the maçā and the reineta-reinette. Among the 17 heritage apple genotypes, seven unique accessions were identified and four groups of synonyms, or possibly clones, were detected including: ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares; ‘Reineta Castanha’ and ‘Reineta Verde Miuda’; ‘Maçā Pêra,’ ‘Maçā Calhau’, ‘Pêro Branco’ from Salga and from Terra-Chā and ‘Maçā Marmelo’; and the five genotypes ‘Maçā Sao Joao’, ‘Malápio Rosa’, ‘Maçā Gaspar’, ‘Maçā Branca’ and ‘Maçā Pato’. In addition, two homonyms were detected. ‘Pêro Vermelho’ from Terra Chā was a separate genotype from a tree from Doze Ribeiras of the same name, but Pêro Branco from Terra Chā appears to be a clone that can be distinguished by an additional allele at CH1F07a from a tree with that name from Salga. One pair of apple clones, ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares appear to be derived from an unreduced gamete of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Another apple genotype ‘Maçā Acida’ could be a sibling of the ‘Maçā Pêra’ clonal group. Other tested standard apples from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Of the seven heritage pears, five unique genotypes and one pair of synonyms were detected. ‘Pêra Papo Pintassilgo’ from Raminho and ‘Pêra Vermelha’ from the nursery of Serviço de Desenvolvimento Agario da Terceira (SDAT) were synonyms. ‘Passans du Portugal’ was related to ‘Pêra Cabaca’ but other standard pears from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Future studies will include additional apple and pear cultivars from other Islands of the Azores and continental Portugal, and wild Asian species to further explore genetic relationships.     

Zirconium-Modified Activated Sludge as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Phosphate Removal in Aqueous Solution

A highly effective zirconium-modified activated sludge (Zr(IV)-AS) adsorbent was prepared from activated sludge and applied to remove phosphate from aqueous solutions by batch and column experiments. Characterized results revealed that zirconium was successfully loaded onto the activated sludge (AS), and the specific surface area and pore volume were substantially improved after zirconium loading on the AS. Zr(IV)-AS exhibited a high adsorption affinity for phosphate and the maximum adsorption amount was 27.55 mg P·g^?1 at 25 °C. Adsorption isotherms of phosphate could be described by the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second-order model. Phosphate adsorption on Zr(IV)-AS increased monotonically with decreasing solution pH. The presence of SO₄^2? in water resulted in slightly decreased phosphate adsorption on the adsorbent even at a high concentration (25 mmol/L), and a greater influence of HCO₃^? on adsorption could be ascribed to the increased solution pH with the addition of the HCO₃^?. Column adsorption experimental results showed that the adsorbent has excellent phosphate adsorption properties and that the effluent can meet the requirement of phosphorus in the national wastewater discharge standard of China. Phosphate-saturated Zr(IV)-AS can be effectively desorbed in 0.1 mol L^?1 NaOH solution, and the regenerated adsorbent still possessed the high capacity. The adsorption between the adsorbent and the phosphate is due to the electrostatic interaction and anionic exchange at the surface of the Zr(IV)-AS. Furthermore, this approach provides a possibility of treating wastewater with waste and has the potential for industrial applications for the removal of phosphate from wastewater.