Breeding opportunities for early,free-threshing and semi-dwarf <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum monococcum</Emphasis> L.

Einkorn wheat, Triticum monococcum L. (2n = 2x = 14, A^mA^m genome), is a primitive, cultivated form of diploid wheat. The shortcoming of einkorn is that it lacks the free-threshing habit. Early heading and semi-dwarf traits are also required to fit modern agricultural practice. In the present study we developed T. monococcum pre-breeding germplasm having early, free threshing traits by utilizing an early heading source, two sources of soft glume (spike) and three sources of semi-dwarfism to combine their phenotypes into pre-breeding materials. We found two different genes determined free threshing of einkorn wheat. One of them was the sog (soft glume) gene from Triticum sinskajae Filat. et Kurkiev (2n = 2x = 14, A^mA^m genome) and another was the sos (soft spike) gene, which was completely linked or pleiotropic with the gene for semi-dwarfism. The genes sos, spd (short peduncle) and sd17654 (semi-dwarf CItr 17654) were utilized to develop semi-dwarf T. monococcum lines. Field performance of 6 early and free-threshing pre-breeding materials with sos and spd genes were tested over three crop seasons. Five semi-dwarf pre-breeding materials (PBMs) were obtained. However, these materials had slightly less grain yield than #252 (tall and hulled check) and PBM-1 (tall free-threshing check). Harvest index of the pre-breeding materials was improved due to the presence of sos and spd genes. If optimized cultivation practice is performed, these pre-breeding materials can be utilized as sources of early, free-threshing and semi-dwarf traits to produce modern T. monococcum varieties.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi and glomalin-related soil protein drive the distributions of carbon and nitrogen in a large scale

Purpose

Arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi (AM-like fungi) are crucial for ecosystem functioning and soil organic matter (SOM) is an indicator of soil quality. However, the spatial distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) and SOM in a large scale is still unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate the spatial distribution of SOM, arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi and GRSP, and reveal the potential relationship among them in a large scale across China.

Materials and methods

Soil samples (different in vegetation type, climate, and soil variables) were collected from 26 sites in a large scale across China. The soil properties including pH, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and SOM were determined. Quantitative PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene was conducted to evaluate the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi. The contents of easily extractable GRSP (EE-GRSP), difficultly extractable GRSP (DE-GRSP), and total GRSP (T-GRSP) were measured.

Results and discussion

Arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi abundance was significantly affected by the vegetation type and dramatically correlated with the soil TN and mean annual precipitation (MAP). EE-GRSP and DE-GRSP were more associated with the TC and TN content, respectively. The abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi significantly but weakly correlated with the T-GRSP and EE-GRSP. The SOM content positively correlated with the DE-GRSP and T-GRSP. Those results suggested that the arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi are a larger contributor to regulating the content of GRSP, which is an important indicator of the soil organic carbon pool.

Conclusions

Our results indicated that arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungi abundance has a greater contribution to driving the distribution of soil C and N in a large scale by affecting the content of glomalin-related soil protein.

     

Involvement of microaerophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria in the iron-oxidizing process at the surface layer of flooded paddy field soil

Journal of Soils and Sediments - To reveal whether microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) participate in the Fe(II) oxidation at the oxic-anoxic interface in flooded paddy field soil,...     

异色瓢虫对菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜捕食的作用

异色瓢虫是一种重要的捕食性天敌,可捕食多种蚜虫,在生物防治中具有很大应用前景。研究了异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫(即菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜)的捕食功能反应。结果表明:异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫的日捕食量中,其中四龄幼虫最大,成虫和三龄幼虫次之,1、2龄幼虫最小。捕食者对猎物的功能反应均属于Holling-Ⅱ型方程。     

河北省小麦及玉米纹枯病菌生物学特性初步研究

对2005年采自河北省10个县（市）的130株小麦丝核菌及采自6个县（市）的21株玉米丝核菌进行了生物学测定，结果表明不同的培养基成分对病菌的生长有明显的影响，菌株在各种培养基上的生长速度为：PDA培养基〉玉米粉培养基〉水琼脂培养基。在pH值为4～9时丝核菌均能良好生长，pH值为6时生长速度最快；通过番红0．KOH染色观察发现1330株小麦分离菌株中有双核丝核菌122株，占93．85％，多核丝核菌8株。占6．15％；21株玉米分离菌株中双核丝核菌2株，占9．52％，多核丝核菌19株，占90．48％；选取典型的丝核菌菌株进行了盆栽小麦、玉米相互接种的致病性测定，结果表明，不同类型的菌株间致病力强弱存在明显差异，且丝核菌对原寄主的致病力强。     

用菌草培养食线虫真菌淡紫拟青霉

分别比较了菌草+麸皮培养基、麦粒培养基、谷壳+麸皮+虾壳粉培养基、营养珍珠岩培养基和菌草+麸皮+虾壳粉培养基培养食线虫真菌淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)的产孢能力.培养14 d后,淡紫拟青霉在菌草+麸皮培养基上的产孢量达86.80亿个.g-1,明显优于供试的其他培养基.菌草+麸皮培养基具有疏松、通气、比表面积大、菌丝生长迅速、产孢量大等优点,具有良好的应用前景.     

2003-2008年吉林省农业科技进步贡献率的测算与分析

农业部科技司1997年发出了关于规范农业科技进步贡献率方法的通知,把中国农业科学院农业经济研究所研究设计的"我国农业科技进步贡献率测算方法"作为农口测算农业科技进步贡献率的统一使用方法。应用这一方法,测得吉林省2003～2008年期间农业科技进步贡献率的年平均值已达到53.36%。通过分析可知,吉林省农业总产值的增长主要依靠农业物质费用的投入和科技的进步,但物耗对农业经济增长的贡献占首位,科技进步居第二位。     

有效水下限在土壤墒情评估中的应用

现行干旱和土壤墒情评估都是以田间持水量为土壤有效水的上限,然后根据经验值划分评定,此方法不能体现较低土壤相对湿度在不同地区上的差异。因此,笔者把有效水下限（土壤凋萎湿度）应用到墒情评估工作中,改进了以往土壤墒情评定单一性。该方法充分利用各站点信息,评定结果在土壤有效性上直观、准确,对地方干旱监测和土壤墒情评估具有重要指导意义。     

含CpG序列PRRSV ORF5基因真核质粒构建及其免疫原性的研究

 【目的】提高猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）基因免疫的效果,构建含CpG基序和PRRSV ORF5的真核重组表达质粒CpG-pVAX1-ORF5。【方法】经酶切鉴定和序列测定,将重组质粒转染COS-7细胞,经间接免疫荧光试验证实CpG-pVAX1-ORF5可表达PRRSV GP5蛋白。免疫SPF小鼠,检测鼠的特异性抗体滴度、脾T淋巴细胞亚群数量（CD4+和CD8+）以及淋巴细胞增殖反应（MTT法）水平。【结果】本试验构建的含CpG基序真核重组表达质粒CpG-pVAX1-ORF5能诱导小鼠产生针对PRRSV的体液免疫与细胞免疫。【结论】CpG-ODN可提高PRRSV基因疫苗的免疫效果。     

青葙对镉的超富集特征及累积动态研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了青葙(Celosia argentea Linn.)在0(对照)、1、5、10、15、20、25 mg·kg~(-1)七个浓度下对土壤Cd的耐受和富集特征,评价了青葙对CdCl_2、CdSO_4、CdCO_3、Cd(OH)_2、Cd S、Cd O和Cd(NO_3)_2等形态Cd的富集能力,并在Cd污染的水稻田土壤中测试了青葙体内Cd的动态累积过程。结果表明,青葙对Cd具有极强的耐受和富集能力,在土壤Cd处理浓度≤15 mg·kg~(-1)时,其生物量未出现显著下降(P0.05)。除对照外,青葙叶片Cd含量均高于100 mg·kg~(-1),并且转运系数和富集系数均大于1,符合Cd超富集植物的基本特征。实验同时发现,青葙不仅能大量富集水溶性Cd,对难溶性Cd也表现出很强的超富集能力,在外源添加Cd(OH)_2、CdS和CdO等难溶性Cd的土壤中,青葙叶片Cd含量分别达到134、102、90.20 mg·kg~(-1),表明青葙具有修复不同形态Cd污染土壤的性能。总体而言,青葙对Cd的累积量随时间增加而增大,但在第8~12周时,其地上部植株Cd的富集量增加不显著(P0.05),由此判断第8周是青葙收获的适宜时期。青葙收获期短这一特性,对于缩短修复周期,提高修复效率有重要的意义。由于青葙生长快速,具有较大的生物量,对Cd耐受和富集能力强,可以认为青葙是一种具有潜在应用价值的Cd超富集植物资源。