两系杂交水稻组合天龙两优140的选育与栽培制种技术要点

天龙两优140是四川西科种业股份有限公司以自育两系不育系天龙S为母本,与高生物量、高配合力恢复系天龙恢140配组选育而成的新两系杂交中稻组合,2015年开始进入河南正式试验并引入豫南稻区试种、示范,2016年通过湖北省品种审定。本文主要介绍了其选育过程、特征特性、产量表现、栽培与制种技术要点。     

Changes in photosynthesis,growth, and sugar content of commercial sugarcane cultivars and Erianthus under flood conditions

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an economical crop in the tropical and subtropical countries. However, because of global climate change, flooding has become problematic, particularly during the rainy season, in Thailand. We investigated the effects of floods on three commercial sugarcane cultivars, namely NiF8, U-thong 6 (UT6), and U-thong 9 (UT9), as well as Erianthus spp. Growth was assessed using a pot experiment in a glasshouse with two treatments: (1) control and (2) 60 d of flooding followed by 30 d of normal conditions. In comparison with control, during prolonged flooding, Erianthus showed greatly decreased CO₂ assimilation, whereas NiF8, UT6, and UT9 showed slightly declined CO₂ assimilation. Growth in plants subjected to 60 d of flooding was less influenced by floods while sucrose content was not affected except in UT6. During flooding, some roots died, resulting in plants compensating adventitious roots to offset the negative effects of root death and to assist them in maintaining their growth, which appeared from the submerged nodes, with different characteristics for each cultivar. However, 30 d after draining, roots remained damaged, while adventitious roots died, resulting in lesser growth as compared with the control, but it did not significantly affect sucrose content and sugar yield. This study suggests that sugarcane plants need to produce the adventitious roots to compensate their roots’ death during flooding and require time to recover their root system after flooding for obtaining the optimum yield and quality at harvest.     

卵磷脂桶混助剂的特性及其在防治稻飞虱中对氟啶虫胺腈的协同增效作用

为明确新型卵磷脂类桶混助剂“融透”的特性,采用透射电镜和激光粒度分析仪表征了其物理性质,并通过室内生物测定和田间药效试验测定了其在防治稻飞虱中对氟啶虫胺腈的协同增效作用。结果表明,“融透”中含有圆形脂质体,Z平均粒径为129.5 nm。室内生物测定结果表明,“融透”可使氟啶虫胺腈对褐飞虱的毒力增加1.67倍。田间药效试验表明,“融透”可使氟啶虫胺腈对稻飞虱的防效提高9.04%~41.77%;当氟啶虫胺腈减量40%时,添加“融透”的处理对稻飞虱的防效与未添加“融透”的常量组相当。研究结果表明,卵磷脂桶混助剂“融透”可以通过形成脂质体提高药剂的利用率,从而达到增效的作用。     

添加剂对番茄茎秆好氧堆肥发酵过程及氮素损失的影响

为研究减少在番茄茎秆好氧堆肥过程中氮素损失的途径,提高堆肥品质,以粉碎的番茄茎秆为原料,按物料干重分别加入5%的腐殖酸(T1)、氯化钙(T2)和过磷酸钙(T3),同时以不进行任何添加的堆体作为对照(CK),进行45 d的好氧堆肥试验。结果表明：3种添加剂均可降低堆肥过程中的氮素损失,同时减少了NH₃的挥发量;堆肥结束时,CK、T1、T2和T3处理的氮素损失率分别为18.04%、15.00%、12.65%和14.05%,累计NH₃挥发量为CK(1 648.11 mg/kg)>T1(1 330.35 mg/kg)>T3(995.35 mg/kg)>T2(528.11 mg/kg)。其中,添加氯化钙的处理保氮效果最好,与对照相比,氮素损失率低至12.65%,NH₃挥发量减少67.96%;各处理高温期均≥3 d,发芽指数≥80%,表明堆体已经腐熟,无植物毒性。综上,番茄茎秆好氧堆肥中添加氯化钙,对于减少堆肥过程中的氮素损失较为理想。本研究可为番茄茎秆好氧堆肥保氮工艺优化提供理论依据。     

浓缩风能型风力发电机的整体模型风洞实验（第Ⅲ报）

低速风洞内进行的实验结果表明：当风速为５．５０ｍ／ｓ时，浓缩风能型风力发电机模型的输出功率为１００Ｗ，是直径相等的普通型风力发电机（风力机和发电机的总机械效率为０．３３２时）的输出功率的３．８倍；其输出功率相当于目前我国草原上使用的小型风力发电机输出功率的６倍；并且该机组的起动风速比相同叶轮普通型风力发电机模型的起动风速低     

Kinetic Parameters of Gross N Mineralization of Peat Soils as Related to the Composition of Soil Organic Matter

Peat land has been considered as an alternative type of land for agricultural development especially in the tropics. In the present study, the N-supplying capacity, one of the most important soil properties in terms of crop production, of peat soils was examined. Ten peat soil samples were collected from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Japan. Gross N mineralization in the soil samples was estimated using a zero-order model, and kinetic parameters of mineralization were determined using a simple type model. Soil organic matter composition was investigated using ¹³C CPMAS NMR. Mineralization potential ( N ₀), apparent activation energy ( E _a), and mineralization rate constant ( k ) ranged between 571–2,445 mg kg⁻¹, 281–8,181 J mol⁻¹, and 0.009–0.020 d⁻¹, respectively. Although none of the parameters showed a significant correlation with the soil C/N ratio, a negative correlation was observed between the k value and the ratio of the proportion of alkyl C in total C to that of O -alkyl C estimated by ¹³C CPMAS NMR. The latter suggested that the k values were higher in the peat soils relatively rich in readily decomposable organic matter including carbohydrates.     

Chemical characteristics and potential source of fulvic acids leached from the plow layer of paddy soil

To understand better the chemical characteristics and source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) leached from the plow layer of rice paddies, a lysimeter study was conducted, which simulated submerged paddy topsoil during rice growth. The fulvic acid (FA) fraction in the percolation water from the lysimeter was collected by adsorption onto insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and the temporal variations in its elemental composition, molecular size distribution, IR spectra, ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra, and δ¹³C values were investigated. The proportion of the FA fraction to bulk DOM varied greatly, but the chemical characteristics of the FA fraction did not change appreciably during the experimental period. Thus, it is considered that the changes in the DOM composition in percolation water were mainly due to the differing contributions of the FA fraction. Further, to investigate the source of the FA fraction in the leachate, the chemical characteristics of the FA fraction in the leachate were compared with those extracted from the plow layer soil. A sequential extraction of the FA fraction was conducted using a sequence of water, 0.25 M Na₂SO₄, 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0), 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5), and NaBH₄+0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5). It was found that the water- and 0.25 M Na₂SO₄-extractable fractions, which were most mobile, were not the only source of the FA fraction in the leachate. The small molecular size sub-fraction of the NaBH₄+0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5)-extractable FAs, most of which are probably bound mainly to iron oxides, are considered to be another source of the FA fraction leached from the plow layer of paddy fields.     

Chronic otitis externa with heat shock protein 70-positive intranuclear inclusion bodies in the ceruminous gland epithelium of a Chihuahua dog

A Chihuahua dog showed persistent itching in the right ear canal. Anti-inflammatory medicines and prednisolone were ineffective and total ear canal ablation was performed. Histological diagnosis was chronic otitis externa. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies (Cowdry type A and full-type) were occasionally observed in the ceruminous gland epithelium. The inclusion bodies were negative for nucleic acid and ultrastructurally composed of fibrous structures (approximately 10 nm in width). Viral infection was initially suspected, but polymelase chain reaction tests did not detect the expected viral genes. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the inclusion bodies were positive for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), suggesting that these bodies could be protein aggregates including HSP70. The etiology of this lesion has not been elucidated, but chronic inflammation may influence the cytoplasm-to-nuclear transportation of HSP70. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of canine chronic otitis externa with HSP70-positive intranuclear inclusion bodies.     

山地五月茶提取物对乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖的抑制活性研究

为深入了解海南岛热带野生植物的保健功能及其活性成分,用CCK-8法检测山地五月茶（Antidesma montanum）果和叶的乙醇提取物对MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞增殖的抑制活性。结果表明,山地五月茶果和叶的乙醇提取物作用72 h对细胞的半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）分别为483 μg/mL和306 μg/mL。叶的乙醇提取物分别经石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,比较各有机溶剂萃取相及剩余水相对乳腺癌细胞抑制增殖活性,结果显示乙酸乙酯相表现出较高的活性,其处理细胞72 h的IC₅₀为150.5 μg/mL。划痕实验和Transwell检测结果表明,乙酸乙酯相提取物具有抑制MDA-MB-231细胞迁移和侵袭的能力。流式细胞仪检测结果表明,乙酸乙酯相提取物能够使MDA-MB-231细胞周期S期显著延长。UPLC-MS/MS分析结果显示,乙酸乙酯相含有穗花杉双黄酮活性成分。穗花杉双黄酮处理MDA-MB-231细胞72 h的抑制增殖IC₅₀为192.6 μg/mL,表明其是山地五月茶抑癌活性成分之一。     

头孢洛宁乳房注入剂（干乳期）在牛奶中的残留消除

【目的】 头孢洛宁为第一代半合成头孢菌素类抗生素,对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌均有良好的抗菌活性,临床以每个乳区250mg用于治疗亚临床感染引起的乳房炎。头孢洛宁通过与敏感菌的青霉素结合蛋白相结合,从而阻断细菌细胞壁的合成,达到抑制细菌生长的目的。笔者开展头孢洛宁乳房注入剂（干乳期）在牛奶中的残留消除规律研究,以期为该药的合理使用和乳品安全生产提供指导。【方法】 选取20头进入干乳期的健康奶牛,每个乳区分别注入一支头孢洛宁乳房注入剂。平均干乳期为50 d,奶牛产犊开始泌乳后的6、12、24、36、48、60、72、96和120 h,将每头奶牛每次采集的4个乳区的奶混合。采用Phenomenex Luna C18（150mm×2.1mm,3.5μm）。以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱程序洗脱,流速0.25 mL/min,柱温为35℃,进样量为5.0 μL。头孢洛宁采用电喷雾离子源（ESI）离子化,正离子模式扫描,多反应监测模式（MRM）,电喷雾电压（IS）为4kV,雾化气压力（GS1）为55psi,气帘气（CUR）为15 psi,辅助气流速（GS2）为35psi,离子源温度（TEM）为600 ℃;定量离子对为m/z→459.4/337.3。样品自然解冻,取5 g牛奶,置于50 mL离心管中,加入20 mL乙腈,涡旋混匀2min,在10℃条件下10 000 r/min离心10 min。将上清液用15 mL75%乙腈水溶液重复提取一次,合并两次的提取液,并加入10 mL乙腈饱和的正己烷,震荡1 min,弃掉正己烷,把提取液移至100 mL鸡心瓶中,在40℃用旋转浓缩仪旋转蒸发除去乙腈。向已除去乙腈的样品溶液中加入20 mL磷酸二氢钠缓冲溶液,然后用氢氧化钠溶液调节至pH8.5。将样品提取液以3 mL/min的流速通过HLB固相萃取柱,先用5 mL磷酸二氢钠缓冲溶液洗涤鸡心瓶并过柱,再用2 mL水洗柱。用2 mL乙腈洗脱,收集洗脱液于刻度样品管中,在40℃下用氮气浓缩仪吹干,用2 mL水溶解残渣,摇匀后,过0.22 μm滤膜,取样供LC-MS/MS检测。【结果】 头孢洛宁在2—200 μg·kg ^-1的范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数在0.991—0.997之间。该方法检测限为0.5 μg·kg ^-1,定量限为2 μg·kg ^-1。头孢洛宁在2、20、40和200 μg·kg ^-1四个添加水平上的平均回收率为73.60%—103.52%,批内变异系数为1.85%—10.41%,批间变异系数为3.41％—8.97%。结果表明,该方法的回收率和变异系数满足残留检测定量分析要求。使用头孢洛宁干乳期乳房注入剂的初产奶牛,在产犊后96 h低于定量限。经产奶牛在产犊36 h低于定量限,24h均低于MRL。 【结论】 头孢洛宁乳房注入剂（干奶期）按推荐剂量4个乳区（250 mg/乳区）给药后,其产犊泌乳后牛奶中的弃奶期为24 h。