梨树微喷灌的节水试验分析

微喷灌是目前梨园较好的节水灌溉方式,它弥补和克服了滴灌和灌在果园应用中的许多弊病,节水试验表明微喷灌在节水,改善土壤处理性质,枝叶、树冠、根系发育以及产量和单果重等都优于管畦灌和传统浸灌。     

稻谷固定床深层干燥的计算机模拟

针对稻谷固定床深层间歇干燥过程中的加热和缓苏两个阶段建立了数学模型，用C语言编制了相应的运算程序。用该模型计算了不同干燥介质温度和湿度、不同粮食初始含水率和温度条件下，不同层厚处稻谷的含水率和温度，计算结果与试验结果基本相符。     

稻谷固定床式深层干燥试验研究

以木反和通风板构建一台面积22．3m^2的固定床干燥机，采用燃油直接燃烧加热的方式对谷物进行干燥。在不同的热风温度、稻谷初始含水率及总厚度条件下，测定了稻谷干燥的均匀性、各层稻谷的温升曲线和干燥曲线，分析了干燥参数对干燥床性能的影响。研究表明：沿层厚方向存在显著的温度梯度，干燥逐层进行。热风温度越高、总厚度越大，分层干燥现象越明显。在定风量的条件下，热风温度要对干燥的热量消耗无明显影响；总厚度增加、稻谷初含水率降低，干燥的热量消耗呈降低趋势。     

工业循环冷却水降温系统设计

在许多工业生产过程中,常需要大量的冷却水进行冷却。通常采用冷却塔等敞开式循环水降温设施,在高温、高湿大气条件下出口水温超限,此时为了正常生产的进行,只好加大低温新水补充量,从而造成水资源的浪费。为了合理利用和节约水资源,设计土壤蓄冷式降温系统。在夜间冷却塔有富余冷量的时候,把冷量储存在土壤中;在白天释放出来,满足高负荷需要。     

Crop response of drought-tolerant and conventional maize hybrids in a semiarid environment

In the High Plains, corn (Zea mays L.) is an important commodity for livestock feed. However, limited water resources and drought conditions continue to hinder corn production. Drought-tolerant (DT) corn hybrids could help maintain high yields under water-limited conditions, though consistent response of such hybrids is unverified. In this two-year study, the effects of three irrigation treatments were investigated for a DT and conventional maize hybrid, Pioneer AQUAMax P0876HR and Pioneer 33Y75, respectively. In 2013, the drier of the 2 years, irrigation amounts and crop water use (ET_c) were greater for the conventional hybrid, but grain water use efficiency (WUE) and harvest index were significantly greater for the DT hybrid. In 2014, grain yields and WUE were not significantly different between hybrids. However, irrigation amounts, ET_c and biomass yields were greater for the conventional hybrid. Results from both years indicate that the DT hybrid required less water to maximize grain yield as compared to the conventional hybrid. Producing relatively high yields with reduced amounts of water may provide a means for producers to continue corn production in a semiarid environment with declining water supplies.     

Determination of the crop coefficient for grafted ‘Tahiti’ lime trees and soil evaporation coefficient of Rhodic Kandiudalf clay soil in Sao Paulo,Brazil

The expansion of permanent trickle irrigation systems in Sao Paulo (Brazil) citrus has changed the focus of irrigation scheduling from determining irrigation timing to quantifying irrigation amounts. The water requirements of citrus orchards are difficult to estimate, since they are influenced by heterogeneous factors such as age, planting density and irrigation system. In this study, we estimated the water requirements of young ‘Tahiti’ lime orchards, considering the independent contributions from soil evaporation and crop transpiration by splitting the crop coefficient (Kc = ETc/ETo) into two separate coefficients; Ke, a soil evaporation coefficient and Kcb, a crop transpiration coefficient. Hence, the water requirement in young ‘Tahiti’ lime (ET_y) is ET_y = (Ke + Kcb) · ETo, where ETo is the reference crop evapotranspiration. Mature tree water requirement (ET_m) is ET_m = Kcb · ETo, assuming no soil water evaporation. Two lysimeters were used; one was 1.6 m in diameter and 0.7 m deep, and the other was 2.7 m in diameter and 0.8-m deep. The first one was used to calculate evaporation and the second one was used for transpiration. ETo was estimated by the Penman–Monteith method (FAO-56). The measurements were conducted during a period between August 2002 and April 2005 in Piracicaba, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. The lysimeters were installed at the center of a 1.0-ha plot planted with ‘Tahiti’ lime trees grafted on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo rootstock. The trees were 1-year old at planting, spaced 7 × 4 m, and were irrigated by a drip irrigation system. During the study period, Kc varied between 0.6 and 1.22, and Kcb varied between 0.4 and 1.0. The results suggested that for young lime trees, the volume of water per tree calculated by Ke + Kcb is about 80% higher than the volume calculated using Kc. For mature trees, the volume of water per tree calculated using just Kcb can be 10% less than using Kc. The independent influence of soil evaporation and transpiration is important to better understand the water consumption of young lime trees during growth compared to mature lime trees.     

A systematic and quantitative approach to improve water use efficiency in agriculture

As the competition for the finite water resources on earth increases due to growth in population and affluence, agriculture is faced with intensifying pressure to improve the efficiency of water used for food production. The causes for the relatively low water use efficiency in agriculture are numerous and complex, including environmental, biological, engineering, management, social, and economic facets. The complexity of the problem, with its myriads of local variations, requires a comprehensive conceptual framework of the underlying physical and biological processes as the basis to analyze the existing situation and quantify the efficiencies, and to plan and execute improvements. This paper proposes such a framework, based on the simple fact that the overall efficiency of any process consisting of a chain of sequential step is the product of the efficiency (i.e., output/input ratio) of its individual component steps. In most cases of water use, a number of process chains, both branching and merging, are involved. Means to integrate the diverging and converging chains are developed and presented as equations. Upscaling from fields to regions and beyond are discussed. This chain of efficiencies approach is general and can be applied to any process composed of chains of sequential steps. Here the framework is used to analyze the systems of irrigated and dryland crop production, and animal production on rangeland. Range of plausible efficiencies of each step is presented as tables, with values separately for the poor and for the good situation of circumstances, management and technology. Causes of the differences in efficiency of each step, going from water delivery to soil water extraction, transpiration, photosynthesis, and conversion to crop biomass and yield, and to animal product are briefly discussed. Sample calculations are made to demonstrate how modest differences in the efficiencies of the component steps are manifested as large to huge differences in the overall efficiency. Based on an equation quantifying the impact of changes in efficiency of component steps on the overall efficiency, it is concluded that generally, it is more effective to made modest improvements in several or more steps than to concentrate efforts to improve one or two steps. Hence, improvement efforts should be systematic and not overly concentrated on one or two components. The potential use of the same equation as the point of departure to optimize the allocation of economic resource among the component steps to maximize the improvement in the overall water use efficiency is elaborated on. The chain of efficiencies framework provides the means to examine the current levels of efficiency along the pathways of agricultural water use, to analyze where inefficiencies lie by comparing with the range of known efficiency values in the tables presented, to assess the potential improvements that may be achieved in various parts and their impact on the overall efficiency, and to aid in the optimal allocation of resources for improvements.

---

基于转速信号的履带车辆主离合器控制策略

在详细分析主离合器接合过程控制目标及自适应要求的基础上,提出了一种基于转速信号的AMT车辆主离合器控制策略。将该控制策略应用于某履带车辆的主离合器控制,并进行了实车试验。以冲击度和滑摩功为评价指标,对试验结果进行了分析。结果表明,基于转速信号的主离合器控制策略具有广泛的适应性,在多种条件下均能保证车辆平稳、快捷地起步。     

超磁致伸缩微致动器结构优化与静态特性试验

采用超磁致伸缩材料作为微致动器的主要材料,详细阐述了超磁致伸缩微致动器的结构及性能。通过建立超磁致伸缩微致动器的2D轴对称模型,利用有限元方法对微致动器的电磁结构进行优化。试验结果表明超磁致伸缩致动器在合适的偏置磁场及预压力作用下,能达到较佳的输出电流-位移及电流-输出力响应特性。     

车辆半主动悬架控制器的设计与研究

根据半主动悬架系统的研究现状,设计了嵌入式智能控制器,采用模糊神经网络控制算法,调节车辆半主动悬架系统阻尼系数,在8位单片机上实现了该算法,并且在实验室进行了台架试验,试验结果表明,所设计的控制器可以满足半主动悬架控制系统的要求.