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蛋鸡生产者应基于沙门氏菌感染的风险和后果来评估预防其感染的成本和收益. 控制沙门氏菌感染如今正成为食用禽蛋生产的一个重要成本因素.欧盟出台的一系列旨在减少消费者感染沙门氏菌的法令,目的就是对整个生产链的操作流程进行评估.鸡蛋生产商应该利用现有的关于感染流行病学和控制措施方面的知识来制定禽舍建造、管理系统和禽群饲养(包括从饲料原料的质控到鸡蛋的产后处理、储存和运输)的决策.他们也应该评估在生产区域内由于沙门氏菌感染的风险和后果而采取的预防措施的成本和潜在效益. 相似文献
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Shane W Bateman 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2008,38(3):543-57, x
Recent technologic advances have allowed the production and marketing of cage-side blood gas analyzers to private practitioners. The widespread use of cage-side portable blood gas analyzers in veterinary practices has increased the need to develop the basic skills of blood gas analysis as part of a tool kit for practicing veterinarians. Rapid expansion of emergency and critical care medicine as a specialty and increased numbers of veterinary emergency and veterinary specialty practices have occurred concurrently with the availability of blood gas analyzers that are affordable for private practitioners. As a result, evaluation of blood gas results is no longer an activity confined to academic institutions and has become a daily part of many practicing veterinarians' activities. 相似文献
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Robyn S. HETEM Duncan MITCHELL Brenda A. DE WITT Linda G. FICK Shane K. MALONEY Leith C. R. MEYER Andrea FULLER 《Integrative zoology》2019,14(1):30-47
As one of the few felids that is predominantly diurnal, cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) can be exposed to high heat loads in their natural habitat. Little is known about long‐term patterns of body temperature and activity (including hunting) in cheetahs because long‐term concurrent measurements of body temperature and activity have never been reported for cheetahs, or, indeed, for any free‐living felid. We report here body temperature and locomotor activity measured with implanted data loggers over 7 months in 5 free‐living cheetahs in Namibia. Air temperature ranged from a maximum of 39 °C in summer to ?2 °C in winter. Cheetahs had higher (~0.4 °C) maximum 24‐h body temperatures, later acrophase (~1 h), with larger fluctuations in the range of the 24‐h body temperature rhythm (approximately 0.4 °C) during a hot‐dry period than during a cool‐dry period, but maintained homeothermy irrespective of the climatic conditions. As ambient temperatures increased, the cheetahs shifted from a diurnal to a crepuscular activity pattern, with reduced activity between 900 and 1500 hours and increased nocturnal activity. The timing of hunts followed the general pattern of activity; the cheetahs hunted when they were on the move. Cheetahs hunted if an opportunity presented itself; on occasion they hunted in the midday heat or in total darkness (new moon). Biologging revealed insights into cheetah biology that are not accessible by traditional observer‐based techniques. 相似文献
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Patricia Biello Shane W. Bateman Carolyn L. Kerr 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(5):673-683
Objective
To compare the efficacy and quality of analgesia provided by constant rate infusions (CRIs) of hydromorphone and fentanyl in dogs in the intensive care unit (ICU).Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical trial.Animals
A total of 29 client-owned dogs.Methods
Dogs prescribed a μ-opioid agonist infusion for postsurgical or medical pain were randomized to be administered either hydromorphone (0.025 or 0.05 mg kg?1 bolus, followed by a 0.03 mg kg?1 hour?1 infusion) or fentanyl (2.5 or 5 μg kg?1 bolus, followed by a 3 μg kg?1 hour?1 infusion). The technical staff and clinicians were blinded as to which drug was administered. Pain scores, using the Colorado State University Canine Acute Pain Scale, sedation scores and nausea scores were assigned at regular intervals and compared between groups. Dose escalation and de-escalation of the study drug were performed according to set protocols. Adverse clinical signs and all other medications administered were recorded and compared between groups. The study drug was discontinued if the animal remained painful despite dose escalations, or if adverse effects were noted.Results
The pain scores were of low magnitude and were not significantly different between groups. The use of concurrent analgesia, sedation/anxiolytic medications and antacid/antiemetic medications was not different between groups. Sedation and nausea scores were not statistically different between groups.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Hydromorphone and fentanyl CRIs appear to be equally effective for adequate pain relief in dogs, with no significant differences in adverse effects. Therefore, either drug may be chosen for control of postsurgical or medical pain in an ICU setting. 相似文献38.
Methyl mercury (Hg) was determined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and organisms in the lower tropic levels: smelts (Retropinna retropinna), bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidianus), koura (Paranephrops planifrons); and zooplankton (Daphnia carinata and Calamoecia lucasi) in Lakes Okareka, Okaro, Tarawera, Rotorua and Rotomahana, New Zealand. Water concentrations of total Hg (HgT) and methyl Hg were also measured. Mean methyl Hg concentrations in the trout, the prey species (smelts, bullies and koura) and zooplankton increased linearly with mean HgT and methyl Hg chloride (CH3HgCl) concentrations in water. Most of the bio-magnification of methyl Hg occurred in the lower trophic levels of the trout food web (104.72) between the zooplankton and water. The bioaccumulation factors between the forage fish and zooplankton were 100.73 for bullies and 101.06 for smelt. Methyl Hg was 100.41 to 100.95 times greater in the trout then their prey. 相似文献
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Quantifying subjective human dimensions of recreational fishing: does good health come to those who bait? 下载免费PDF全文
Shane P Griffiths Joanne Bryant Henry F Raymond Peter A Newcombe 《Fish and Fisheries》2017,18(1):171-184
Recreational fishing is a popular sport and leisure activity in many countries worldwide. There has been growing interest by recreational fishing groups and researchers in the perceived physical and psychological health and social (or ‘biopsychosocial’) benefits of recreational fishing. However, quantifying the key subjective ‘human dimensions’ of fishing that satisfy both the needs of recreational fishing groups and fishery managers is a major obstacle. We propose the use of psychometrically valid health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) measures widely used in the medical and health sciences – namely the Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) – as rapid, reliable and cost‐effective instruments for quantifying HRQOL of recreational fishers. The widespread use of SF‐36 and availability of population normative data allows comparisons of the HRQOL of recreational fishers across multiple temporal and spatial scales, with participants of other activities, and the general population. The use of such measures in periodic surveys allows the biopsychosocial status of a recreational fishery's participants to be assessed using a modified Kobe plot, a graphical format that is easily interpretable and consistent with existing reporting formats used in fisheries stock assessment. Future biopsychosocial research in recreational fisheries can further benefit from interdisciplinary collaboration to develop a suite of standardized psychometrically valid and reliable instruments for assessing specific issues that commonly affect recreational fisheries from regional to international scales, such as drivers of fisher motivation, behaviour and satisfaction. 相似文献