Relationship between effective solar radiation and sap flow process during an entire growing season in Western Mountains of Beijing

In order to explore the relationship between the time processes of solar radiation and sap flow, sap flow velocity (SFV) of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis, effective solar radiation (ESR) and other environmental factors were synchronously monitored for one year in the Beijing Western Mountains by using a thermal dissipation probe (TDP) system and an automatic weather station. Results showed significant differences between changes in diurnal characteristics of ESR and sap flow in sunny days during three seasons. Starting times of sap flow occurred generally 1.5–3 hours later than those of solar radiation and there were small differences between Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. But peak times and stopping times of sap flow varied con-siderably with large contrasts in ESR. The duration of sap flow showed clear differences among the seasons owing to the variable rhythms of climate factors in Beijing. Fluctuation amplitude in the duration of sap flow remained relatively stable during the autumn but changed greatly during spring and summer. Changes in diurnal sap flow velocity of both Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabu-laeformis were about 0–3 hours later than those of ESR but with the same configuration. The start of sap flow was mainly induced by the sudden intensification of ESR (sunrise effect). Seasonal models of SFV indicated that a cubic equation had the best fit. It was more practical to simulate seasonal water consumption models of trees with ESR. In further investigations, these models should be optimized.     

铰接式车辆静态转向阻力矩分析

从运动学观点建立铰接式车辆在静态转向情况下的力学模型，从动力学观点分析计算双桥驱动与单桥驱动的铰接车辆静态转向阻力矩及其特点，并用实验验证了理论分析的正确性。     

Do multipurpose companion trees affect high value timber trees in a silvopastoral plantation system?

Establishment of native timber trees on deforested land may contribute to the livelihood of farmers, to improved ecosystem services and to increased greenhouse gas uptake. Here, we present a new silvopastoral planting design to assess species performance and interspecific competition or facilitation effects among native timber and multipurpose trees in Central America. Two timber species, Tabebuia rosea and Cedrela odorata, were established in three low-density planting regimes allowing combined tree and future livestock production: (1) solitary planting, (2) companion planting with Guazuma ulmifolia, and (3) companion planting with the nitrogen-fixing Gliricidia sepium. We quantified survival, growth and reforestation potential of the two timber species subjected to the different planting regimes for the first 2 years after establishment. Nitrogen concentration as well as stable nitrogen and carbon isotope composition (δ¹⁵N, δ¹³C) of leaves of the timber saplings were determined. T. rosea showed higher survival and better growth than C. odorata under varying environmental conditions (soil, concomitant vegetation). Performance of the timber saplings was unaffected by either companion species. Planting regimes had no effect on foliar nitrogen concentration and δ¹⁵N of the two timber species, although δ¹⁵N values indicated nitrogen fixation activity in G. sepium trees. Planting regimes affected foliar δ¹³C values in T. rosea. δ¹³C values were significantly higher in solitarily growing individuals, suggesting lower exposition to water stress conditions in saplings surrounded by companion species. As we found positively correlated growth traits among timber and multipurpose trees, a combined planting may benefit farmers by providing additional goods and services.     

BMY牛不同生长阶段血液理化指标的检测

为了解BMY牛血液理化指标随年龄的变化规律。用自动分析仪法对30头不同年龄阶段的BMY的39项血液理化指标进行了检测。结果表明：WBC、RBC、P和ALP等部分指标随年龄增长而降低;PLT、TB、Crea、LDH和ALT等指标随年龄增长而升高;URIC、Ca、AMY和AST等指标在不同年龄段变化不明显。各项指标的测定结果均未超出正常范围。     

基于RIL群体鉴定棉花抗黄萎病相关QTLs

【目的】鉴定出能够稳定表达的棉花抗黄萎病相关数量性状位点(Quantitative trait loci,QTLs)。【方法】以抗落叶型黄萎病棉花品种常抗棉和感黄萎病品种TM-1为亲本配制的111个重组自交系家系为作图群体,筛选出多态性简单序列重复(Simple sequence repeat,SSR)标记,并用于构建遗传图谱。用完备复合区间作图法对该群体在安阳大田、新疆重病地及病圃等多个环境下的黄萎病病情指数进行QTLs检测。【结果】构建了1张含有12个连锁群、40个标记、总长212.5 cM(厘摩)的遗传图谱。获得了6个与抗黄萎病基因相关的QTLs,对数优势比(Logarithm of the odd score,LOD)分布在2.51～5.55,贡献率最大为20.34%,最小为6.93%。其中,qVR-D05-1能够在安阳大田2015年7月15日和新疆南疆重病地2016年7月9日2个环境中检测到,贡献率分别为12.96%和20.34%。【结论】本研究得到的qVR-D05-1能够为定位出稳定的棉花抗黄萎病相关QTLs提供参考。     

山西省某养殖场蛋鸡H7N9流感暴发调查

2018年3月27日,山西省某养殖场蛋鸡出现发热、腹泻、头颈后仰等症状,并陆续死亡,至3月31日,共死亡蛋鸡699只,袭击率为86.08%(699/812)。经国家禽流感参考实验室检测,确诊该疫情为高致病性H7N9流感。为查明病因,了解疫情分布,通过现场剖检、实验室诊断、问卷调查、周边排查等方式,对该起疫情进行了流行病学调查,寻找可能的风险因素,进而提出防控建议,评估防控效果。经调查,病原通过人员、车辆、野鸟带毒传入养殖场的可能性较大,又因养殖场未进行H7N9流感疫苗免疫,从而导致疫情暴发。通过紧急处置,疫情得到有效控制,未发生扩散。本起疫情提示,对家禽使用与当地流行毒株匹配疫苗进行免疫,建立有效免疫屏障,同时加强人员、车辆和野鸟的生物安全控制,对预防H7N9流感具有十分重要的意义。     

猪流行性腹泻IgA、IgG抗体与PEDV抗原相关性研究

为了研究仔猪所吮乳汁中IgA抗体水平与乳汁中PEDV感染情况,探讨母猪免疫猪流行性腹泻疫苗后乳汁与血清中IgA、IgG抗体水平的相关性,临床采集多家规模化猪场母猪群乳汁、血清样品以及发病仔猪所吮母猪乳汁样品。采用实验室已经建立的IgA、IgG抗体ELISA方法,检测临床上猪流行性腹泻疫苗免疫后IgA抗体与IgG抗体的相关性,同时采用RT-PCR方法检测发病仔猪所吮乳汁中PEDV感染情况。结果表明,免疫猪流行性腹泻活疫苗后母猪乳汁中IgA抗体水平与血清中IgA、IgG抗体水平呈现很好的正相关性;当发病仔猪所吮母猪乳汁IgA抗体检测结果为阴性时,其PEDV抗原检测结果为阳性;乳汁IgA抗体检测结果趋于阳性样品临界值时,其PEDV抗原检测结果亦为阳性。结论:乳汁中低水平的IgA抗体很难有效地保护仔猪抵御PEDV感染;乳汁中IgA抗体与血清IgA、IgG抗体呈现很好的相关性,且乳汁中IgA抗体水平远远高于血清;通过IgG抗体水平可以间接反映乳汁中的IgA抗体水平,在初乳样品采集难度较大的情况下,可用于间接评估猪流行性腹泻免疫保护水平。     

紫茎泽兰叶片对小麦、油菜幼苗的化感作用及化感机制的初步研究

采用培养皿滤纸法和盆栽法,研究外来入侵种紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)叶浸提液对小麦、油菜2种作物的化感作用及其生理学效应,以初步探讨其化感机制.结果表明:油菜对紫茎泽兰叶浸提液最为敏感,其浸提液浓度越高,油菜种子萌发的受抑程度越严重,幼苗生长发育的受抑作用越明显,化感系数越大,当紫茎泽兰叶粉末∶湿沙为1∶50时,对油菜的抑制作用就非常明显;经紫茎泽兰叶粉末处理后,小麦根系活力显著降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著增强,但叶绿素含量变化不大.分析认为,紫茎泽兰通过化感作用影响周边植物体内一系列正常的生理学过程,从而使其生长发育受到抑制,并导致紫茎泽兰自身表现出明显的竞争优势,成为入侵物种.     

Rice <Emphasis Type="Italic">terpene synthase 18</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">OsTPS18</Emphasis>) encodes a sesquiterpene synthase that produces an antibacterial (<Emphasis Type="Italic">E</Emphasis>)-nerolidol against a bacterial pathogen of rice

Plant volatile compounds, including terpenes, are known to be involved in the rice defense system. In the present analysis of a terpene synthase, OsTPS18, in rice, we found that OsTPS18 was localized in the cytoplasm and synthesized the sesquiterpenes (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene. The amounts of (E)-nerolidol and (E)-β-farnesene increased after jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. (E)-Nerolidol had significant antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). These results suggest that (E)-nerolidol plays an important role in JA-induced resistance against Xoo and that it functions as an antibacterial compound in rice.     

Partitioning the multi-scale effects of human activity on the occurrence of riparian forest birds

Conservationists, managers, and land planners are faced with the difficult task of balancing many issues regarding humans impacts on natural systems. Many of these potential impacts arise from local-scale and landscape-scale changes, but such changes often covary, which makes it difficult to isolate and compare independent effects arising from humans. We partition multi-scale impacts on riparian forest bird distribution in 105 patches along approximately 500 km of the Madison and Missouri Rivers, Montana, USA. To do so, we coupled environmental information from local (within-patch), patch, and landscape scales reflecting potential human impacts from grazing, invasive plant species, habitat loss and fragmentation, and human development with the distribution of 28 terrestrial breeding bird species in 2004 and 2005. Variation partitioning of the influence of different spatial scales suggested that local-scale vegetation gradients explained more unique variation in bird distribution than did information from patch and landscape scales. Partitioning potential human impacts revealed, however, that riparian habitat loss and fragmentation at the patch and landscape scales explained more unique variation than did local disturbances or landscape-scale development (i.e., building density in the surrounding landscape). When distribution was correlated with human disturbance, local-scale disturbance had more consistent impacts than other scales, with species showing consistent negative correlations with grazing but positive correlations with invasives. We conclude that while local vegetation structure best explains bird distribution, managers concerned with ongoing human influences in this system need to focus more on mitigating the effects of large-scale disturbances than on more local land use issues. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.