Canine fetal echocardiography: correlations for the analysis of cardiac dimensions

The aim of this study was to develop regression models for correlation of canine fetal heart development with body size to characterize normal development or suggest cardiac anomalies. Twenty clinically healthy pregnant bitches, either brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic, were examined ultrasonographically. Transabdominal fetal echocardiography was conducted every 4 days from the beginning of cardiac chambers differentiation until parturition. Ten cardiac parameters were measured: length, width and diameter of the heart; heart area; left and right ventricular dimensions; left and right atrial dimensions; and aortic and pulmonary artery diameter. Femoral length, biparietal diameter and abdominal cross-sectional area were also recorded. Regression equations were developed for each parameter of fetal body size, and linear and logarithmic models were compared. The model with the highest correlation coefficient was chosen to produce equations to calculate relative dimensions based on the correlations. Only the left-ventricular chamber differed between the two racial groups. Biparietal diameter was the independent parameter that produced the highest correlation coefficient for the most fetal cardiac dimensions, although good correlations were also observed using femoral length and abdominal cross-sectional area. Heart width and heart diameter were used as surrogates of cardiac development, as these measurements showed the best statistical correlation. Quantitative evaluation of fetal cardiac structures can be used to monitor normal and abnormal cardiac development.     

不同处理对设施根结线虫控制和土壤氮磷环境风险的影响

设施菜田土壤环境状况是蔬菜高效生产重要因素。通过养分调控与土传病害综合控制方法调节设施土壤内部环境条件,研究了闷棚+调控剂+传统施肥、闷棚+调控剂+优化施肥等不同综合处理对设施土壤根结线虫控制、土壤养分运移方面的影响。结果表明:闷棚+调控剂+传统施肥的线虫控制率为79.07%,闷棚+调控剂+优化施肥为86.05%。优化施肥能够减少氮磷养分向土壤中下部运移,从而减少环境风险危害。该研究在根结线虫控制、提高肥料利用和降低施肥环境风险方面具有重要参考价值。     

有机培肥对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄及土壤化学性质的影响

针对宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄产区土壤瘠薄、肥料利用率低等问题,以4年生"蛇龙珠"为研究对象,分别设计了常规施肥、施羊粪有机肥、施酵素菌有机肥、施酵素菌有机-无机复混肥、施电解锰渣复混肥5个处理,探讨有机培肥对酿酒葡萄生长发育、产量、品质以及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥相比,羊粪有机肥显著降低了土壤pH和全盐,同时提高了土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量,土壤培肥效果较好;酵素菌有机-无机复混肥比单施化肥或酵素菌肥更有利于提高酿酒葡萄的品质及产量;电解锰渣复混肥促进植株光合作用,增加干物质积累量。综合分析,酵素菌有机无机复混肥更适合贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄的优质高效生产。     

武汉地区梨瘿蚊生物学特性及其种群动态变化研究

以梨瘿蚊为研究对象,采用显微观察及田间统计方法,调查了梨瘿蚊的危害症状,梨瘿蚊卵、幼虫、成虫的形态特征及其产卵习性等生物学特性,系统研究了梨瘿蚊成虫种群和幼虫种群动态变化及梨园天敌昆虫的动态变化。结果表明:梨瘿蚊在湖北省梨产区1年发生3代,越冬代成虫羽化出土时间周期较长,从2月下旬出土,一直持续到3月下旬羽化达到高峰,梨瘿蚊幼虫种群在1年中出现3次危害高峰,危害高峰在梨瘿蚊成虫羽化后20~30d后出现;当环境温度高于30℃时,梨瘿蚊幼虫结茧化蛹,不再羽化;梨园中梨瘿蚊的天敌昆虫的种类主要包括草蛉、异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、食蚜蝇、蜘蛛和蚂蚁等。     

设施蔬菜连作障碍及调控措施研究进展

设施蔬菜生产中的连作障碍普遍存在,主要因素包括土壤的营养平衡被打破、次生盐渍化、生物学特性改变、化感物质的毒害作用等。调控措施包括轮作和间作套种、生物防治、增施有机肥料、选育抗性品种、嫁接栽培、添加吸附剂、合理灌水和施用化肥、土壤消毒处理等。现概述了设施蔬菜连作障碍成因和缓解措施研究成果,以期为调控设施蔬菜连作障碍提供借鉴,并对未来亟需研究解决的问题进行展望。     

中微量元素在贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄上的应用效果

针对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄风沙土产区中微量营养元素相对缺乏,空间变异较大等限制产业高效发展的关键问题,以4年生"蛇龙珠"葡萄为试材,通过设置滴灌施肥试验,研究了中微量营养元素钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、硼(B)元素对酿酒葡萄生长及品质的影响。结果表明:增施中量元素Mg能有效提高葡萄叶片和叶柄中的全磷含量进而提高葡萄单粒重及产量,同时能提高果实单宁及总酚含量;增施微量元素Fe有利于促进叶片的生长发育,提高叶片净光合速率并促进干物量积累,增加可溶性糖含量;增施B元素则能有效提高叶片和叶柄的全钾及果实中花色苷含量。综合分析,增施Fe、Ca元素能促进葡萄的生长,增施B、Mg元素能提高酿酒葡萄果实品质,增施Ca、Mg元素能更好的提高酿酒葡萄产量。     

氮肥施用量对酿酒葡萄初果期生长及产量品质的影响

以贺兰山东麓3年生酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"为试材,通过小区试验设置6个氮肥施用量梯度,即纯氮施用量0、120、240、360、480、600kg·hm~(-2),研究了氮肥施用量对酿酒葡萄初果期生长以及产量品质的影响。结果表明:氮肥能显著促进株高、新梢、副梢发生数的增加,纯氮施用量480kg·hm-2时酿酒葡萄叶片SPAD值为43.11,并且水分有效利用率达到最高,为3.14μmol·mmol~(-1)。肥效方程得出最高产量纯氮施用量为398.75kg·hm~(-2),纯氮施用量超过480kg·hm-2后产量增幅和葡萄果实糖酸比同比下降。纯氮施用量360kg·hm~(-2)能显著提高可溶性糖、总酚、花色苷含量,改善品质。     

Inhibition of porcine circovirus type 1 and type 2 production in PK-15 cells by small interfering RNAs targeting the Rep gene

Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) and type 2 (PCV2) are two genotypes of porcine circovirus. Both of them are presumed to be widespread in the swine population. Currently, there is no specific treatment for their infections. RNA interference (RNAi) is a sequence-specific RNA degradation mechanism mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA), which represents a possible therapeutic application for the treatment of viral infections. In this study, three siRNA expression plasmids (pS-RepA, pS-RepB and pS-RepC) were generated to target three different coding regions of the Rep protein (Rep) of PCV. These siRNAs were used to inhibit PCV production in a porcine kidney cell line, PK-15 cells. Our results revealed that Rep gene expression was inhibited by pS-RepA, pS-RepB and pS-RepC to different degrees. Moreover, our study also showed that the production of PCV1 and PCV2 was reduced by these siRNAs. pS-RepC, which targets the middle region of Rep gene, proved to be the most efficient siRNA for inhibition of Rep expression and viral production. Taken together, our data suggest that RNAi could be investigated as a potential treatment for PCV infection.     

Evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae HB04C(-) mutant lacking a drug resistance marker in the pigs

Previously, we reported the construction and characterization of a genetically defined Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) apxIIC gene mutant, HB04C(-), which conferred protection to mice against infection with A. pleuropneumoniae. In this study, we further evaluated HB04C(-) for safety and its ability to elicit protective immunity in pigs. It was demonstrated that a dose of 2 x 10(8) CFU HB04C(-) was safe to the pigs via intranasal or intramuscular injection. Immunization with a dose of 2 x 10(8) HB04C(-) by both intranasal and intramuscular routine could yield equal protective efficacy and elicited significant protection against experiment challenge with homologous or heterologous serotypes of a virulent A. pleuropneumonia. Taken together, HB04C(-) might serve as a promising vaccine candidate against infection with A. pleuropneumoniae.