Wood ash effects on nutrient dynamics and soil properties under Mediterranean climate

Aims

This study aims to evaluate the effects of wood ash application on nutrient dynamics and soil properties of an acidic forest soil (Arenosol).

Methods

Treatments were loose and pelleted ash application (11?Mg?ha^?1), alone or together with N fertiliser, and control treatment in a lysimeter experiment. Nutrient leaching was followed during a 2-year period and soil chemical and biological properties were evaluated at the end of the experiment.

Results

Wood ash increased leaching of total N, NH ₄ ⁺ -N, base cations and P, mainly during the first months, the effect being more pronounced for the loose formulation. At the end of the study period, a positive effect on soil nutrient availability and soil acidity reduction was seen. The application of loose and pelleted ash alone decreased N leaching and increased N microbial biomass at the end of the experiment. The C dynamics was weakly affected.

Conclusion

Wood ash can be used to improve nutrient availability and balance nutrient exported by tree harvesting in acid forest soils, the effects at short-term being stronger for loose than for pelleted ash. However, their application should be carried out when vegetation is established to minimise nutrient losses at short-term and reduce the potential risk for water bodies. In N-limited soils, wood ash should be applied with N fertilisers to counteract N immobilisation.     

小滨麦易位系山农6343抗白粉病基因的分子标记定位

本研究通过抗性接种鉴定对从普通小麦品种烟农15与八倍体小滨麦杂交后代中选育的抗白粉病小滨麦易位系山农6343的白粉病抗性遗传特点进行了分析,结果表明,山农6343的白粉病抗性由显性单基因控制,暂将其命名为PmSn6343(t);利用辉县红与山农6343杂交构建了包含302个家系的F2分离群体,对其进行白粉病抗性基因分子标记的连锁分析和染色体定位。在分析的1980对SSR、EST-SSR和STS引物中,有403对基因组SSR引物可在亲本间揭示多态性差异,其中Wmc658和Barc122两个引物在优选小群体中可以扩增出多态性谱带;采用F2群体对两个标记进行连锁分析证明Wmc658和Barc122与山农6343抗白粉病基因PmSn6343(t)的连锁距离分别为3.4cM和5.4cM,并将抗白粉病基因定位在染色体2AL上。利用F2:3家系对两个标记进行验证,结果表明,两个标记是与白粉病抗性基因PmSn6343(t)连锁的可靠分子标记。     

小麦TaCKOX4基因变异与旗叶叶绿素含量相关性分析

本文以京411/红忙春21构建的重组自交系群体(RILs)为研究材料,通过对小麦抽穗期、盛花期和灌浆期旗叶叶绿素含量分布频率的分析,得出叶绿素含量在花后7d以前多呈正态分布,而灌浆中后期呈偏态分布或双峰分布,说明前者为受多基因控制的数量性状,而后者存在与其相关的主效基因。在多个生长发育时期中,旗叶叶绿素含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在盛花期达到最大值,花后24d,叶绿素含量则急剧下降,成熟时接近为0。在RILs群体中对小麦细胞分裂素氧化酶基因等位变异进行鉴定,得出TaCKOX4基因在群体中表现较好的多态性,其变异与小麦旗叶多个生长发育时期(如抽穗期,盛花期及灌浆期)叶绿素含量呈显著或极显著相关,且具有A带型家系的叶绿素含量显著高于B带型家系的叶绿素含量,说明TaCKOX4基因变异与小麦旗叶叶绿素含量关系密切。     

转双价抗虫基因BmkIT-Chitinase玉米株系的获得

通过超声波辅助花粉介导法,将双价抗虫基因BmkIT-Chitinase分别导入以玉米自交系昌7-2及郑58的花粉为受体的不同基因型的自交系中。本研究共处理玉米雌穗1072穗,获得T0代种子1563粒,经卡那霉素初筛,T1代～T4代PCR及SouthernBlot杂交分子跟踪检测共获得20个转化株系,田间抗虫性鉴定表明共有16个转化株系与对照在抗虫性方面有显著差异,且此抗性随着各代稳定遗传。农艺性状调查结果表明,所获得的转基因玉米株系中大部分材料的农艺性状与对照无显著差异,除了N55材料及N20-1材料。N55材料的穗位高度与对照相比略低6±0.5cm,而穗粒数增加75±5粒。而N20-1材料百粒重增加5±0.5g。因此,转入此双价抗虫基因对玉米农艺性状影响不是很大。经过分子检测、田间抗虫性鉴定及农艺性状调查我们最终选育了9个转双价抗虫基因昌7-2自交系优良株系,6个郑58转双价抗虫基因自交系优良株系。     

辣椒Ty1-copia类逆转座子逆转录酶序列的克隆及分析

以辣椒属5个栽培种叶片为试材,利用Ty1-copia类逆转座子逆转录酶的保守序列设计简并引物,PCR扩增后均获得了260bp左右的目的条带。对C.annuum的扩增产物进行纯化、克隆和测序,经Mega4和DNAstar软件分析后,获得25条逆转录酶序列,核苷酸序列长度变化范围为225～272bp,这些序列存在高度的异质性,主要表现为缺失突变,同源性范围为23.1%～93.2%,核苷酸聚类分为7个组。翻译成氨基酸后,有9条序列存在1～3个不同程度的终止密码子突变,4条序列存在移框突变。将这25条逆转录酶的氨基酸序列与已发表的不同物种同一类型逆转座子的逆转酶序列进行聚类分析,表明辣椒的Ty1-copia型逆转座子与烟草、矮牵牛、马铃薯有很近的关系。     

Chemical analysis of three herbal extracts and observation of their activity against adults of Acanthoscelides obtectus and Leptinotarsa decemlineata using a video tracking system

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Ethanol extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula angus-tifolia and Ruta graveolens were tested against adults of Acanthoscelides obtectus and...     

Genetic mapping provides evidence for the role of additive and non-additive QTLs in the response of inter-specific hybrids of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia psidii</Emphasis> rust infection

Eucalypts are susceptible to a wide range of diseases. One of the most important diseases that affect Eucalyptus plantations worldwide is caused by the rust fungus Puccinia psidii. Here, we provide evidence on the complex genetic control of rust resistance in Eucalyptus inter-specific hybrids, by analyzing a number of full-sib families that display different patterns of segregation for rust resistance. These families are totally unrelated to those previously used in other inheritance studies of rust resistance. By using a full genome scan with 114 genetic markers (microsatellites and expressed sequence tag derived microsatellites) we also corroborated the existence and segregation of a resistance locus, explaining 11.5% of the phenotypic variation, on linkage group 3, corresponding to Ppr1. This find represents an additional validation of this locus in totally unrelated pedigree. We have also detected significant additive × additive digenic interactions with LOD >10.0 on several linkage groups. The additive and epistatic QTLs identified explain between 29.8 and 44.8% of the phenotypic variability for rust resistance. The recognition that both additive and non-additive genetic variation (epistasis) are important contributors to rust resistance in eucalypts reveals the complexity of this host-pathogen interaction and helps explain the success that breeding has achieved by selecting rust-resistant clones, where all the additive and non-additive effects are readily captured. The positioning of epistatic QTLs also provides starting points to look for the underlying genes or genomic regions controlling this phenotype on the upcoming E. grandis genome sequence.     

U-series dating of Paleolithic art in 11 caves in Spain

Paleolithic cave art is an exceptional archive of early human symbolic behavior, but because obtaining reliable dates has been difficult, its chronology is still poorly understood after more than a century of study. We present uranium-series disequilibrium dates of calcite deposits overlying or underlying art found in 11 caves, including the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage sites of Altamira, El Castillo, and Tito Bustillo, Spain. The results demonstrate that the tradition of decorating caves extends back at least to the Early Aurignacian period, with minimum ages of 40.8 thousand years for a red disk, 37.3 thousand years for a hand stencil, and 35.6 thousand years for a claviform-like symbol. These minimum ages reveal either that cave art was a part of the cultural repertoire of the first anatomically modern humans in Europe or that perhaps Neandertals also engaged in painting caves.     

Effect of low oxygen tension atmosphere and maturation media supplementation on nuclear maturation, cortical granules migration and sperm penetration in swine in vitro fertilization

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of low oxygen tension (5% CO(2) , 5% O(2) and 90% N(2) ) on in vitro oocyte maturation using defined media (0.1% polyvinyl alcohol - PVA) or 10% porcine follicular fluid (PFF)-supplemented media. To achieve this goal, oocytes were evaluated regarding cortical granules (GCs) migration, nuclear maturation and sperm penetration. Oocytes were in vitro matured under different conditions: 5% or 20% O(2) atmosphere and 0.1% PVA- or 10% PFF-supplemented media and evaluated at 0 and 44 h of maturation. To evaluate the migration of CGs and nuclear maturation, by confocal microscopy, oocytes were incubated with 100 μg of FITC-PNA/ml and 10 μg/ml of propidium iodide. To address sperm penetration, after maturation, in vitro fertilization for 6 h and in vitro culture for 18 h, zygotes were incubated with 10 mg/ml Hoechst 33342. Pronuclei and polar bodies were quantified using an epifluorescence microscope. Atmosphere conditions did not affect the CGs migration, but media supplementation did. Oocytes matured in 10% PFF media had a higher percentage of CGs in the oocyte periphery than oocytes matured in PVA-supplemented media. However, this fact did not have effect on in vitro sperm penetration levels. No effect of atmosphere conditions and media supplementation was observed on the rates of metaphase II oocytes. Therefore, the use of low oxygen tension in association with PVA maturation media does not improve the in vitro maturation system of porcine oocytes, because its use did not improve nuclear maturation, CGs migration and zygotes monospermic rates.