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991.
Florence Z. Tarun-Acay 《Small-Scale Forestry》2005,4(1):101-116
An assessment was made of the attributes of People’s Organisations (POs) and of the institutional viability of Community-Based
Forest Management (CBFM) programs in three project sites in the Philippines. In CBFM, the capacity of People’s Organisations,
as de facto managers of forest resources, is being developed by non-government organisations under the guidance of local government units
(LGUs) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). A survey was conducted of community members (case informants)
and members of the various agencies (key informants) to ascertain the characteristics of successful POs and the relationship
between these characteristics and the viability of CBFM. Although commendable contributions have been made to the forest management
capability of POs, their standard of living and environmental conditions, there are also many instances in which institutional
conflict among stakeholders is apparent. The great challenge for the various stakeholders is to orchestrate their differing
interests so as to address successfully the critical issues of the low socioeconomic status of PO members, corruption, lack
of transparency and accountability of the organisations involved, loss of interest of PO members in project activities, lack
of technical assistance, loss of credibility of the DENR, and lack of equitable benefit sharing. 相似文献
992.
Nancy Alejandre-Melena Roberto Lindig-Cisneros Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero 《New Forests》2007,34(1):25-30
Major disturbances that remove vegetation cover create conditions that differ greatly from those in adjacent forests. In volcanic
areas, tephra deposition can be a major disturbance that eliminates vegetation cover and creates a barrier for plant establishment.
The eruption of the Paricutín volcano, in Michoacán, México, from 1943 to 1952, created large tephra deposits adjacent to
forest stands. Many of these deposits still lack native vegetation and understanding of the limiting factors for establishment
of native tree species is necessary to restore these areas. Pinus pseudostrobus early growth in response to the amount of fertile growing medium on top of a variable-depth tephra layer was evaluated in
a greenhouse experiment. Increasing amounts of fertile growing medium increased height of 28-week-old plants (no growing medium = 5.5 cm
tall ±1.8 cm, 3 cm of growing medium = 21.2 ± 4.6 cm and 6 cm of growing medium 24.8 ± 4.4 cm). Other variables showed the
same trend (diameter, number of fascicles, belowground biomass and aboveground biomass). Our results suggest that P. pseudostrobus establishment in tephra covered areas will depend on the accumulation of a fertile layer of more than 3 cm in thickness. 相似文献
993.
A provenance trial of Michelia chapensis Dandy in the south of China was carried out in three sites to assess yield and stability analyses. The trials were conducted as randomized, complete block designs with four replications at each site. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype main effect and genotype × environment interaction (GGE) were employed in the evaluation of provenances; AMMI analyses showed that significant genotype × environment interaction effects (P < 0.05) existed between provenances, capturing 15.11 % of the total sum of squares. The AMMI stability value revealed that provenance 2 was stable, but had low yield. GGE-biplot models showed that provenances 7, 8, 10, and 11 were more stable and high-yielding. The GGE results also confirmed that among the three sites, site JiuQuShui was the most ideal environment for representation and discrimination. 相似文献
994.
Emila Akroume Bernd Zeller Marc Buée Philippe Santenoise Laurent Saint-André 《Annals of Forest Science》2016,73(4):1005-1013
Key message
Near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy allows for the detection of local patterns of forest soil properties. In combination with dendrometric data, it may be used as a prospective tool for determining soil heterogeneity before setting up long-term forest monitoring experiments.Context
Forest soils and stands generally exhibit higher spatial heterogeneity than other terrestrial ecosystems. This variability needs be taken into account before setting up long-term forest monitoring experiments to avoid multiple interactions between local heterogeneity and the factors tested in the experiment.Aims
We hypothesized that raw near- and mid-infrared spectra can be used as an integrated proxy of a large set of soil properties. The use of this method, in combination with dendrometric data, should provide a quick and cost-effective tool for optimizing the design of experimental forest sites.Methods
We assessed the local soil heterogeneity at 11 experimental sites in oak and beech stands, which belong to a new forest long-term ecological research (LTER) network. We used near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy in soil and litter samples. The spectra were subjected to principal components analyses (PCA) to determine the intra-site variability of the soil and litter layers.Results
Based on mapped PCA coordinates and basic dendrometric data, it was possible to design the experiment and minimize the interactions between the treatment layout and the tested variables. The method was validated with chemical analyses of the soil. No interaction was detected at the set-up of the experiment between the treatment layout and chemical soil properties (C, N, C/N ratio, pH, CEC, Al, Mg, P2O5, Fe, Mn, Na, and K).Conclusion
Near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy is a useful tool for characterizing the overall heterogeneity of soil chemical properties. It can be used without any preliminary calibration. In combination with dendrometric data, it provides a reliable method for optimizing LTER plots in different types of ecosystems.995.
Agroforestry trees are now well known to play a central role in the build up of nutrients pools and their transformations
similar to that of forest ecosystem, however, information on the potential of homegarden trees accumulating and releasing
nitrogen (mineralization) is lacking. The present study reports seasonal variations in pool sizes of mineral N (NH4+-N and NO3−-N), and net N-mineralization rate in relation to rainfall and temperature under coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt. Nees) trees in a coconut-spice trees plantation for two annual cycles in the equatorial humid climate of South Andaman
Island of India. Concentration of NH4+-N was the highest during wet season (May–October) and the lowest during post-wet season (November–January) under all the
tree species. On the contrary, concentration of NO3−-N was the lowest in the wet season and the highest during the post-wet season. However, concentrations of the mineral N were
the highest under the nutmeg and the lowest under the coconut trees. Like the pool sizes, mean annual mineralization was the
highest under the nutmeg (561 mg kg−1 yr−1) and the lowest under the coconut trees (393 mg kg−1 yr−1). Rate of mineralization was the highest during the post-wet season and the lowest during the dry season (February–April)
under all the tree species. High rainfall during the wet season, however, reduced the rate of nitrification under all the
tree species. The mean annual mineralization was logarithmically related with rainfall amount and mean monthly temperature. 相似文献
996.
Variations in soil chemical properties and microbial biomass in artificial gaps in silver fir stands
Changes in soil chemical and microbiological parameters in small (185 m2) and medium (410 m2) gaps, created in mature silver fir (Abies alba Mill) stands (mean height 30 m) in the Calabrian Apennines (Southern Italy), were studied over 2 years. Medium gaps had high
soil temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance and low soil moisture. Within small gaps we detected
a greater amount of organic matter, with respect to under canopy cover sites and medium gaps. Moreover, a different trend
of the organic matter between small and medium gaps was observed. In the medium gaps, with respect to under canopy cover sites
and small gaps, we found a relatively low content of organic matter, associated to a lower amount of humic acid, which suggested
that the organic substrate undergoes a mineralization rather than a humification process. An opposite trend was observed in
small gaps, where the increase of organic matter content, associated to an increase of humic acid and microbial biomass, suggested
a better humification process. Moreover, in small gaps the highest level of urease and the greatest fluorescein diacetate
(FDA) hydrolysis were observed. The different trend of organic matter observed in small and medium gaps may be related to
changes in the environmental conditions. PAR transmittance, significantly higher in medium gaps, contributed to increase soil
temperature and decrease soil moisture, affecting soil microbial populations and organic matter trend. These results suggest
that the creation of small gaps represents the silvicultural practice with minor environmental impact. 相似文献
997.
Seeds of Juniperus procera collected from five provenances across its geographic range in Ethiopia were subjected to cold-moist stratification at 5°C
or 10°C for 6–12 weeks. The effect of aqueous smoke solution in overcoming the light requirement for germination, and the
potential of visible (VIS) and near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy for sorting sound and insect-damaged seeds were
also investigated. Highly significant differences in germination were detected among provenances (P < 0.0001) and stratification periods (P < 0.0001), but not between temperature regimes (P=0.111). Seeds from the south and southeast distribution ranges had higher percentage germination after 6 weeks of stratification
than seeds collected from north, northwest and central ranges of distribution. The smoke treatment did not affect germination
regardless of whether the seeds were exposed to light. Exposure to light increased germination capacity three fold. Sound
and damaged seeds were distinguished with 90% accuracy using VIS + NIR spectroscopy. It can be concluded that dormancy in
juniper seeds varies with provenances, and cold stratification for 6 weeks alleviates dormancy in some seed lots. Tentatively,
smoke treatment seems ineffective in overcoming photo-dormancy in juniper seeds. VIS + NIR spectroscopy has demonstrated a
great potential for sorting damaged seeds, thereby upgrading seed lot purity. 相似文献
998.
Kuniyoshi Shimizu Shoko Fukunaga Keisuke Yoshikawa Ryuichiro Kondo 《Journal of Wood Science》2007,53(2):153-160
The effects of 120 methanol extracts prepared from bark and heartwood of 69 types of Japanese wood on the melanin production
of B16 melanoma cells were examined. The melanin content of B16 melanoma cells was determined spectrophotometrically at 405nm.
The extracts were also examined for their effects on cell viability. We found that the methanol extracts of Fagus crenata (buna, wood, 100μg/ml), Sapium sebiferum (Nankinhaze, wood, bark, 10μg/ml), and Zelkova serrata (keyaki, wood, 10μg/ml) greatly inhibited the melanin production of B16 melanoma cells without significant cytotoxicity.
However, these extracts did not inhibit tyrosinase activity at the concentration of 100μg/ml. These findings indicate that
the depigmenting mechanism of these extracts involves the suppression of some pigmenting signals in stimulating melanogenesis
rather than the inhibition of tyrosinase activity.
Part of this study was presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, Japan, March 2003 相似文献
999.
Hiroto Homma Hirofumi Shinoyama Yukihiro Nobuta Yoshie Terashima Seigo Amachi Takaaki Fujii 《Journal of Wood Science》2007,53(1):80-84
Strobilurus ohshimae is an edible mushroom, and it specifically forms its fruiting bodies on buried sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) twigs. In this research, we studied lignindegrading activity of S. ohshimae. We isolated 18 strains of S. ohshimae from various regions of Japan, and determined their lignin degradation rates on sugi wood meal medium. All the strains of
S. ohshimae degraded approximately 6%–12% of sugi lignin in 30 days, and these lignin degradation rates were 1.5–3 times higher than those of Trametes versicolor, which is a typical lignin-degrading fungus. Among the three main lignin-degrading enzymes, activity of lignin peroxidase
and manganese peroxidase was not observed, while 4340U/g of laccase was produced in 30 days. To investigate the effect of
wood species on lignin degradation by S. ohshimae, the lignin degradation rate and laccase productivity on sugi wood meal medium were compared with those on beech (Fagus crenata). In T. versicolor, both lignin degradation rate and laccase productivity were higher on beech than on sugi. Conversely, in S. ohshimae, lignin degradation rate and laccase productivity were higher on sugi than on beech. Therefore, it was suggested that coniferous lignin is not always difficult to degrade for the fungi that inhabit
softwood.
Part of this article presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Sapporo, August 2004 相似文献
1000.
Natacha Guérard Pascale Maillard Claude Bréchet François Lieutier Erwin Dreyer 《Annals of Forest Science》2007,64(6):601-608
Three-year-old saplings of Pinus sylvestris L. were labeled with 13CO2 prior to inoculating the trunk with Ophiostoma brunneo ciliatum, a blue-staining fungus usually associated to Ips sexdentatus. During incubation, half the trees were submitted to a severe drought that decreased photosynthesis and natural 13C content in non-labeled saplings. A large 13C-excess was obtained in wood and phloem, especially in the fractions of soluble proteins, starch and soluble sugars of labeled saplings. Drought increased 13C-excess, due to reduced photosynthesis and smaller dilution of 13C by the addition of newly assimilated 12C. The induced-reaction zones in inoculated saplings displayed large total C (58 g 100 g?1) because of the accumulation of secondary metabolites. They also showed much larger 13C-excess than any other compartment: the contribution of stored C to the reaction zones was much higher than that of currently assimilated C. Moreover, drought lowered the contribution of the latter, as shown by the increase of 13C in the reaction zones. We conclude that stored C was readily mobilized for the construction of reaction tissues, and that the contribution of currently assimilated C was only minor. 相似文献