鲤益生茵筛选及部分菌株对鲤前肠黏液的体外黏附作用

从养殖池、水族箱和健康鲤肠道等分离20株细菌,通过耐热和体外拮抗试验筛选出5株细菌,经生化试验和细菌:16SrDNA测序鉴定为2株芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、2株肠球菌(Enterococci)和1株柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter).进一步采用体外固定鲤前肠黏液蛋白,结合同位素32P标记细菌并示踪的方法,研究来源于鲤肠道的肠球菌和柠檬酸杆菌以及鲤养殖水体中的芽孢杆菌对鲤前肠黏液的体外黏附活性,建立筛选鲤(Cyprinus carpio)益生菌的方法.结果表明,5株细菌均能黏附到黏液体外模型,肠球菌的相对黏附率极显著高于芽孢杆菌与柠檬酸杆菌(P<0.01),柠檬酸杆菌与芽孢杆菌的相对黏附率差异不显著(P>0.05),而肠球菌L2的相对黏附率极显著高于肠球菌E2(P<0.01).研究证明,鱼源的肠球菌对鲤前肠黏液的黏附率高于异源的芽孢杆菌,而且不同种属的肠球菌在黏附能力上也存在差异.     

食糜在矛尾复鰕虎鱼消化道排空速度及其营养含量的变化

选择规格一致、健康无病、初始体质量(43.42±0.75)g的矛尾复鳙虎鱼240尾,随机分到20个水族箱内,每箱12尾.饱食量投喂鲜杂鱼.然后不同时间取样,测定胃、前肠、中肠、后肠内容物的质量及其粗蛋白、脂肪和水分含量,探讨食糜在矛尾复鰕虎鱼消化道排空速度及其营养含量的变化.试验结果表明,矛尾复鰕虎鱼在刚摄食后胃内容物达到最大值,并随着时间的延长减少,至22 h排空为0.线性回归模型能较好地用来模拟食糜在胃中的变化;食糜在前肠、中肠和后肠出现的时间分别为摄食后1、3 h和4 h.达到最大值的时间分别为摄食后12、9 h和10 h.试验结束时(投喂后26 h)前肠、中肠和后肠仍有剩余食糜.食糜中粗蛋白和脂肪含量在胃、前肠、中肠、后肠逐渐降低,但胃中粗脂肪含量高于食糜中的含量,而粗蛋白含量低于食糜中含量.     

Effects of rhythmic temperature change on the growth,body composition and energy budget of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀)

Effects of rhythmic temperature change on the growth, body composition and energy budget of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × E. fuscoguttatus ♀) were investigated. Nine groups of fish received repeating cycles of low‐temperature manipulation (22°C) for 1, 2 and 4 days followed by recovery temperature (28°C) for (3, 7 and 11 days), (6, 14 and 22 days) and (12, 28 and 44 days) respectively, designated as L1R3, L1R7, L1R11, L2R6, L2R14, L2R22, L4R12, L4R28 and L4R44 respectively. In the control group (C), fish were reared at 28°C throughout the whole experiment. After 96‐day feeding trail, the final weight, relative weight gain rate, specific growth rate, food conversion efficiency and apparent digestibility coefficient of fish in L4R28 were significantly higher than those of control (p < .05). The crude protein contents of fish in L2R14, L2R22, L4R12, L4R28 and L4R44 were significantly higher compared to the control (p < .05). According to energy budget, fish in L4R28 exhibited significantly higher proportion of food energy assimilated into growth and lower proportion consumed for excretion than the control fish (p < .05). These results indicated the occurrence of complete or over growth compensation in hybrid grouper, and the use of repeated cycles of low temperature (22°C) for 4 days followed by recovery temperature (28°C) for 28 days could obtain enhanced growth, that is overcompensation, with improved apparent digestibility coefficient, food conversion efficiency and energetic efficiency into growth. This technique would be more practically applicable in indoor culture for this species.     

丝兰属植物提取物降低鸡舍氨气浓度的研究

通过在21日龄的肉用仔鸡饲料中添加丝兰属植物提取物(其有效成分为丝兰皂角苷),研究丝兰属植物提取物对降低鸡舍中氨气浓度和提高肉仔鸡生产性能的效果。28d试验表明,试验组鸡舍内氨气平均浓度为4.75mg/L,对照组鸡舍内氨气平均浓度为13.80mg/L,试验组比对照组鸡舍内氨气平均浓度降低了9.05mg/L,经t检验,两鸡舍内氨气平均浓度差异显著(P<0.05),并且试验组比对照组饲料报酬提高了8.92%。     

Development of Gene‐derived SNP Markers and Their Application for the Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Wild and Cultured Populations in Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

The Apostichopus japonicus is a valuable aquaculture species in China. In this study, 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from expressed sequence tags of sea cucumber using high‐resolution melting. The average observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) were 0.2462 and 0.2897, respectively. Thirty‐two of these loci were used for estimating the genetic similarity and variation between the five hatchery stocks from China and two wild stocks from Japan. No significant differences in Ho or He were observed between the wild and hatchery populations. The pairwise Fst (which ranged from 0.0119 to 0.0236) and the genetic identity (which varied from 0.9802 to 0.9915) showed no significant differentiation between the wild and cultured stocks. The analysis of molecular variance indicated the source of variation was at the level of “within the populations.” The information on the genetic variation and differentiation in cultured and wild populations of A. japonicus obtained in this study is useful for setting up suitable guidelines for founding and maintaining of cultured stocks and for future genetic improvement by selective breeding.     

Comparative effects of dietary supplementation with maggot meal and soybean meal in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and darkbarbel catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli): growth performance and antioxidant responses

A 6‐week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with maggot meal (MGM) and soybean meal (SBM) on the growth performance and antioxidant responses of gibel carp (GC) and darkbarbel catfish (DC). The basal diet was formulated to contain 114 g kg⁻¹ fish meal (FM) and 200 g kg⁻¹ SBM. The basal diet was supplemented with either 280 g kg⁻¹ FM (Control), 390 g kg⁻¹ MGM or 450 g kg⁻¹ SBM to obtain three isonitrogenous (crude protein: 380 g kg⁻¹) and isocaloric (gross energy: 16 kJ g⁻¹) diets. For GC, a significant decrease in specific growth rate (SGR) was only observed in fish fed the SBM diet compared with the control (P < 0.05). Principal components analysis (PCA) of GC showed a higher similarity in antioxidant response to dietary supplementation with MGM and SBM proteins between liver and intestine, but the DC did not. The present results suggest that supplementing 390 g kg⁻¹ MGM protein to basal diet cause an enhancement of the antioxidant capacity in GC, but supplementing 390 g kg⁻¹ MGM and 450 g kg⁻¹ SBM proteins to basal diets resulted in a significant attenuation of the antioxidant capacity in DC.     

中华鲟半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C基因的原核表达

为了研究鱼类半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(cystatin)的功能并探索其在水产品加工和病害防治中的应用潜力，将改造后的中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)cystatin C cDNA亚克隆到原核表达载体pBV220，构建表达cystatinc的大肠杆菌基因工程菌。该工程菌经温度诱导、SDS—PAGE检测，在约12．4kD处有一特异蛋白带，该特异蛋白的含量约为菌体总蛋白的25％。重组半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂经洗涤、溶解、透析、复性后纯度为85％，实现了中华鲟cystatinC在大肠杆菌中的高效表达。木瓜蛋白酶活性抑制实验结果表明该重组cystatinc具有明显的酶活抑制作用。     

Plasma levels of immune factors and sex steroids in the male seahorse <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hippocampus erectus</Emphasis> during a breeding cycle

To better understand the endocrine- and immune-response pattern during reproduction in a fish species having parental care behaviors and also to accumulate the endocrine- and immune-related data for future explanations of the low reproductive efficiency in seahorse species, the variations of immune factors and sex steroids in the plasma of the male lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus at different breeding stages, i.e., pre-pregnancy, pregnancy (early, middle, and late periods), and post-pregnancy, were investigated in the present study. The immune factors included monocytes/leucocytes (M/L), leucocyte phagocytic rate (LPR), immunoglobulin M (Ig M), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-α (IFN-α), and lysozyme (LZM). The sex steroids included testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11β-OHT), 17α-methyltestosterone (17α-MT), 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-hydroxy-20β-dihydroprogesterone (17α-20β-P). Moreover, the immune metabolic activity of epithelium cells in the brood pouch at different breeding stages was also analyzed through ultrastructural observations of the abundance of cytoplasmic granules, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and exocytosis. The results show that a higher immune level was observed during pregnancy, particularly in the early and middle periods, and a lower immune level was noted during pre-pregnancy. Correspondingly, the epithelium cells in the brood pouch also showed a stronger immune metabolic activity during pregnancy and weaker activity during pre-pregnancy. Four sex steroids of T, 11β-OHT, 17α-MT, and E2 were higher during pre-pregnancy and lower during post-pregnancy, whereas 11-KT and 17α-20β-P, which were positively correlated with part immune factors, were higher during pregnancy. No negative correlations between sex steroids and immune factors were observed. In conclusion, the higher immune competence during pregnancy may indicate that parental care could improve immunity, which may be the major factor for no immunosuppressive effect of sex steroids during reproduction in the seahorse H. erectus, unlike noncaregiving fishes in which inhibitions of sex steroids on immunity are frequently observed. Moreover, higher 11-KT and 17α-20β-P during pregnancy than during pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy may suggest that these two steroids are also involved in parental care regulation.     

Replacement of fish oil with soybean oil in diets for juvenile Chinese sucker (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Myxocyprinus asiaticus</Emphasis>): effects on liver lipid peroxidation and biochemical composition

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the replacement of fish oil (FO) by soybean oil (SO) on growth performance, liver lipid peroxidation, and biochemical composition in juvenile Chinese sucker, Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Fish (13.7 ± 0.2 g) in triplicate were fed five experimental diets in which 0% (FO as control), 40% (SO40), 60% (SO60), 80% (SO40), and 100% (SO100) FO were replaced by SO. The body weight gain of fish fed SO40, SO60, or SO80 diet was similar to FO group, but diets that have 100% soybean oil as dietary lipid significantly reduced fish growth (P < 0.05). Although the level of SO resulted in increasing crude lipid content of the liver, the level of SO did not significantly alter the hepatosomatic index (HSI). Indicators of peroxidation, such as vitamin E (V_E) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) contents, were changed as increasing dietary SO. It was shown that the inclusion of SO in the diets increased V_E concentrations, but reduced TBARS in the liver and total cholesterol (T-CHO) in the plasma. Linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) significantly increased in fish liver fed diets that contained SO, but eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the ratio n-3/n-6 were significantly reduced by the inclusion of dietary SO (P < 0.05). Our results indicated that the inclusion of SO increased the hepatic V_E content and reduced lipid peroxidation in fish. However, diet containing 100% SO as dietary lipid could reduce growth performance. Thus, we recommended that 40–80% SO can be used as dietary lipid to replace FO for juvenile Chinese sucker.     

光裸方格星虫的研究进展

光裸方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus)具有丰富的食用和药用价值,为给光裸方格星虫的资源保护与利用以及进一步深入研究提供参考,综述了国内外有关光裸方格星虫在种质资源、营养价值、生理结构、人工养殖技术、营养需求与饲料及环境毒理学等方面的研究进展。