沙棘籽油对牛的皮肤伤口愈合疗效的研究

本研究旨在通过比较沙棘籽油（Hippophae rhamnoides）和防腐软膏（5％碘伏）、草本软膏（印度草药研究与供应有限公司）及一种刺激性温和的基础药膏（液体石蜡）,来研究沙棘籽油对牛的皮肤伤口愈合效果。这个实验是将12头雄性牛犊分为4组,6头牛都有皮肤伤口,3头胸背部脊椎区的两边都用当地的镇痛药。伤口分别用液体石蜡、5％的碘伏软膏、沙棘籽油（沙棘油）及草本软膏处理28d,并分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四组。不同处理的功效是建立在对经过0d、3d、7d、10d、14d和28d的不同临床血液参数的研究基础之上的。在研究中,所有组的心脏、呼吸率和血液学的各种参数及肛温都维持在正常的生理极限内。沙棘油和草本软膏对伤口处理的临床研究中发现,在伤口愈合的初期,伤口保持了一定的干燥度,并且抑制了炎症初期伤口的恶化。不同的组之间,在持续28d的实验中,用草本软膏和沙棘油做处理的组中伤口的愈合率最高。这些组的伤口试验同时还表现出早治疗,早治愈的特征。但是,在草本软膏和沙棘油处理组中,草本软膏组处理的伤口的整体愈合能力还是略优于沙棘油的疗效。     

Evaluation of multi-nutrient extractants for determination of available P,K, and micronutrient cations in soil

Sixty soil samples (0–0.15 m depth) collected randomly from different districts of Himachal Pradesh were used to evaluate ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid (AB-DTPA) and acid ammonium acetate-ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (AAAc-EDTA) over standard methods for P, K, and micronutrient cations. Among Olsen P, Bray P1, AB-DTPA P, and AAAc-EDTA P, available P (kg ha^?1) varied from 7.8 to 44.3, 9.5 to 61.1, 6.5 to 38.8, 10.5 to 52.1; available K (kg ha^?1) among NH4OAc, AB-DTPA, and AAAc-EDTA ranged from 103.6 to 372.3, 86.6 to 364.9, and 74.6 to 362.5. In case of micronutrients cations, AB-DTPA in general, extracted more amounts as compared to DTPA alone. AAAc-EDTA correlated highly with the Olsen P. AB-DTPA-K and AAAc-EDTA-K correlated well with standard method (NH4OAc) however; AAAc-EDTA had higher correlation with AB-DTPA for K extractability. Among methods for micronutrients highest significant correlations were observed between AB-DTPA and DTPA for Cu, Fe, and Zn.     

Zinc Sulfate Foliar Application Effects on Some Physiological Characteristics and Phenolic and Essential Oil Contents of Lavandula stoechas L. Under Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Salinity Conditions

Lavandula stoechas L. plant is a perennial evergreen used as a fragrant ornamental and medicinal plant. In order to study the effect of foliar spray of zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) (0, 1000, and 2000 mgL^?1) and sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity (0, 75, and 150 mM) on some physiological characteristics of Lavandula stoechas L. plants, a pot experiment was carried out at the Research Greenhouse of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Iran. Physiological characteristics [root and leaf dry weights, total soluble solids (TSSs), total anthocyanins, chlorophyll b, Zn²⁺, potassium (K⁺) contents, and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio] were significantly affected by the interaction effects of ZnSO₄ foliar application and salinity levels. The highest root dry weight, chlorophyll b, anthocyanin, and Zn contents as well as TSS were found in the plants with NaCl₀ × ZnSO_{4 2000} mgL^?1. For Na⁺, the greatest value was recorded with NaCl ₁₅₀ × ZnSO₄₀. The highest K⁺/Na⁺ ratio was found in the control plants. Foliar application of ZnSO₄ promoted the total phenolic content, especially at 2000 mgL^–1. The highest amounts of flower dry weights were recorded at NaCl₀. Chlorophyll a, total flavonoids, stem dry weight, and essential oil content were affected with ZnSO₄ treatment and salinity levels. The highest values for the essential oil content, chlorophyll a content, and stem dry weight were attained by the nonsaline treatment. Both foliar application levels positively influenced the essential oil and flavonoid contents of the plants. The results reveal that zinc application had marked effects on the physiological characteristics of Lavandula stoechas L. plants growing under salinity stress conditions.     

Changes in physico-chemical and biological properties of soil under conservation agriculture based pearl millet – mustard cropping system in rainfed semi-arid region

Poor soil health and low soil water content during crop growing period are major factor for low productivity of pearl millet – mustard rotation under rainfed semi-arid regions. The authors evaluated five different tillage and residue management practices for improving physico–chemical and biological properties of soil. Results showed that conservation agriculture (CA) practice (zero tillage (ZT) with 4 t ha^–1 residue retention) exhibited higher proportion of soil macro-aggregate. It also increased infiltration rate of about 15.2% over conventional tillage without residue but ZT increased soil penetration resistance in surface soil layer. In the residue applied plots, ~2–4% (w/w) higher soil water content was maintained throughout the season than the no-residue plots. CA practice had the highest soil organic carbon (4.96 g kg^–1) and microbial biomass carbon (188.3 μg g^–1 soil). Significant and positive correlation was also found between soil organic carbon with infiltration rate (r = 0.73**), mean weight diameter (r = 0.80**) and microbial biomass carbon (r = 0.86**). Thus, this study suggests that ZT with residue retention can be advocated in pearl millet – mustard rotations for improving, productivity, soil health and maintaining higher soil water content in rainfed semi-arid regions.     

Effects of foliar application of methanol on some physiological characteristics of Lavandula stoechas L. under NaCl salinity conditions

In order to study the effects of foliar applications of methanol (0, 15, and 30%) and NaCl salinity (0, 50, and 100?mM) on some physiological characteristics of Lavandula stoechas L. plants, a pot experiment was carried out at the Research Greenhouse of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. Physiological characteristics (stem and leaf dry weights, total phenolic and flavonoids compounds, chlorophyll a and K⁺ contents, and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio) were significantly affected by the interaction effects of Methanol foliar application and salinity levels. The highest K⁺ content, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, chl a and stem dry weight, belonged to NaCl 0?×?Methanol 30% and NaCl 50?×?Methanol 30%. For the leaves’ dry weight, the greatest data were recorded for NaCl 0?×?Methanol 30% and NaCl 0?×?methanol 15%. Methanol spray promoted the total phenolic content, especially at NaCl 50?×?methanol 30% and NaCl 100?×?methanol 15% and 30% and flavonoid content at NaCl 50?×?methanol 30%. Anthocyanin content, essential oil percent, and flower dry weight were affected by NaCl salinity levels, and the highest amount of anthocyanin was recorded for the control treatment. The highest data for Essential oil was attained by the NaCl 0 and 50?mM. The Na⁺ content was affected by methanol foliar application and the highest amount was obtained in the control treatment. Both foliar application levels and salinity levels influenced the flower dry weight. The highest amount of the flower dry weight was recorded at 30% methanol spray level and 0?mM NaCl treatments. The results reveal that methanol application had significant effects on the physiological characteristics of Lavandula plants growing under salinity stress condition.     

Analysis of genetic diversity among wild pomegranates in Western Himalayas,using PCR methods

The genus Punica (Punicaceae) is distributed in Iran, Afghanistan, India and Mediterranean countries. Iran is considered to be its primary center of origin. In India Punica granatum is found in wild only in Western Himalayan regions comprising, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states. However, there is little information available about the genetic variation present in pomegranates in the regions. In this paper we describe the use of DAMD and RAPD methods that generate the profiles, to study genetic diversity in wild genotypes of the P. granatum in India. Forty-nine accessions representing two regions of Western Himalaya were analyzed. Similarity coefficient value varied from 0.08 to 0.79 across different accessions. The results indicate that DAMD (97.08%) revealed more polymorphism in comparison to RAPD (93.72%). The results show that these methods are sufficiently informative to unravel the genetic variations in wild pomegranates in Western Himalayas.     

Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against FMD virus type Asia-1 and determination of antigenic variations in the field strains

Twelve mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were developed against an Indian vaccine strain of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) type Asia-1 WBN 117/85. The MAbs were tested for their ability to bind to whole virus particle, trypsin-treated 146S (TT-146S) virus particle, sub-viral (12S and disrupted virus) antigens by ELISA and to neutralize virus infectivity in cell culture. Extensive characterization of MAbs revealed the existence of three different groups based on the binding of non-overlapping epitopes. Eight type Asia-1 specific MAbs (RF7, RF8, RD10, RE11, RC11, RC10/O, RB11 and RC10/M), which formed group 1 (G1), were found to bind a neutralizing, trypsin-sensitive (TS) and conformational epitope. Two MAbs (WB8 and WC3) in group 2 (G2) were found to bind a non-neutralizing, trypsin-resistant, conformational and 12S-specific epitope, which was intertypically conserved in all the four serotypes of FMDV (O, A, C and Asia-1) prevalent in India. Two MAbs (KG10 and KF10), which formed group 3 (G3), were found to be against a non-neutralizing, TS and conformational epitope, common to types Asia-1 and A. Members of G1 were IgG2a isotype, while those of G2 and G3 were IgG1 and IgG2b isotypes, respectively. Antigenic analysis of 31 FMDV type Asia-1 field isolates and two vaccine strains, using a panel of type Asia-1-specific MAbs, revealed antigenic similarity of the virus isolates tested and non-existence of neutralization escape mutants. The developed MAbs have practical utility, especially in the manufacture of FMD vaccine, diagnosis and FMDV characterization.     

Effectiveness of two insect growth regulators against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their impact on population densities of arthropod predators in cotton in Pakistan

Field efficacies of two insect growth regulators (IGRs) at two recommended application rates, buprofezin at 370 and 555 g AI ha(-1) and lufenuron at 37 and 49 g AI ha(-1), were determined against the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), in experimental plots of cotton at the Directorate of Cotton Research, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Adverse effects of the IGRs on populations of associated arthropod predators, namely geocorids, chrysopids, coccinellids, formicids and arachnids, were also assessed. Both IGRs significantly reduced populations of B. tabaci at each application rate 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment, and higher doses were more effective than lower doses. Buprofezin was not effective against H. armigera at any tested dose for any time of treatment in any spray. Lufenuron applied at 37 and 49 g AI ha(-1) effectively suppressed H. armigera populations, resulting in significant reductions in crop damage. At lower doses, both IGRs appeared safe to predator populations, which did not differ significantly in IGR-treated versus untreated control plots. Population densities of formicids and coccinellids were significantly lower at high concentrations of both IGRs in treatment plots, possibly as a result of reduced prey availability. The potential role of buprofezin and lufenuron for control of B. tabaci and H. armigera in a spray programme and the likelihood of direct toxic effects of IGRs on predatory fauna of cotton are discussed.