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11.
Loganathan Karthiba Kandasamy Saveetha Seetharaman Suresh Thiruvengadam Raguchander Duraisamy Saravanakumar Ramasamy Samiyappan 《Pest management science》2010,66(5):555-564
BACKGROUND: The biological control of plant pests and diseases using a single organism has been reported to give inconsistent and poor performance. To improve the efficacy, bioformulations were developed possessing mixtures of bioagents. RESULTS: Bioformulations combining Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula strains Pf1 and AH1 and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill. isolate B2 were developed and tested for their efficacy against leaffolder pest and sheath blight disease on rice under glasshouse and field conditions. The combination of Pf1, AH1 and B2 effectively reduced the incidence of leaffolder insect and sheath blight disease on rice compared with other treatments. An in vitro assay of leaffolder preference to rice leaf tissues treated with Pf1 + AH1 + B2 biformulation showed variation from normal growth and development of leaffolder larvae. Plants treated with the Pf1 + AH1 + B2 combination showed a greater accumulation of enzymes, lipoxygenase and chitinase activity against leaffolder insect compared with other treatments. Similarly, the plants showed a higher accumulation of defence enzymes, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity against sheath blight pathogen in Pf1 + AH1 + B2 treatment compared with the untreated control. The bioformulation mixture attracted the natural enemy population of leaffolder under field conditions. In addition, a significant increase in rice grain yield was observed in Pf1 + AH1 + B2 treatment compared with the untreated control. CONCLUSION: The combination of P. fluorescens strains and B. bassiana isolate effectively reduced the incidence of leaffolder insect and sheath blight disease on rice plants and showed the possibility of controlling both pest and disease using a single bioformulation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
12.
Ramasamy Harikrishnan Ju‐Sang Kim Man‐Chul Kim Moon‐Soo Heo Chellam Balasundaram 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2012,43(2):259-269
The effect of different solvent‐based (methanol, ethanol, and aqueous) extracts of Liriope platyphylla at 0, 0.1, 1.0, and 2.0 mg doses on hematology and innate immune response in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, against Flexibacter maritimus is reported. The red blood cells and white blood cells significantly increased with ethanol and aqueous extracts with any dose against F. maritimus while the hematocrit level significantly increased with methanol or ethanol extracts. However, the hemoglobin content significantly increased irrespective of the doses and type of extracts, whereas the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration significantly decreased. The lymphocytes and monocytes significantly increased in all doses and extracts, whereas neutrophils increased in ethanol or aqueous extracts. However, the thrombocytes level neither the doses nor extracts did not significant changes to the control against pathogen. Total protein and globulin levels significantly increased with all the doses of ethanol extract while does not significant change in methanol extract. The phagocytic activity and complement activity were significantly enhanced with any dose of ethanol extract while with aqueous extract it was only at 1.0 and 2.0 mg doses. At all the doses of each extract significantly enhanced the leucocytes activity against F. maritimus. The results confirm that the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of L. platyphylla stimulate the immune response against F. maritimus in P. olivaceus. 相似文献
13.
Salehzadeh A Jabbar A Jennens L Ley SV Annadurai RS Adams R Strang RH 《Pest management science》2002,58(3):268-276
A range of cultured cells of invertebrate and vertebrate origin was grown in the presence of a number of phytochemical pesticides to test the effect of the latter on cell proliferation. The main observation was that azadirachtin was a potent inhibitor of insect cell replication, with an EC50 of 1.5 x 10(10) M against Spodoptera cells and of 6.3 x 10(9) M against Aedes albopictus cells, whilst affecting mammalian cells only at high concentrations (> 10(-4) M). As expected, the other phytochemical pesticides, except for rotenone, had little effect on the growth of the cultured cells. Rotenone was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of insect cells (EC50:10(-8) M) but slightly less toxic towards mammalian cells (EC50:2 x 10(-7) M). Neem terpenoids other than azadirachtin and those very similar in structure significantly inhibited growth of the cell cultures, but to a lesser degree. The major neem seed terpenoids, nimbin and salannin, for example, inhibited insect cell growth by 23% and 15%, respectively. 相似文献
14.
Aeromonas hydrophila is a ubiquitous and opportunistic bacterial pathogen that produces ulcerative dermatitis under stress conditions and inflicts severe losses on global fisheries and fish culture. This study evaluates the antimicrobial potency of aqueous and ethanolic decoction (individual extract) and concoction (mixed extract) of three common medicinal herbs, turmeric Curcuma longa, Tulsi plant Ocimum sanctum, and neem Azadirachta indica, against the in vitro growth of A. hydrophila. Among the decoctions, A. indica exhibited the most potent antibacterial property (P < 0.05) against A. hydrophila. Among the concoctions, both the aqueous and ethanolic triherbal extracts mixed in the ratio of 1:1:1 had higher antibacterial activity (P < 0.05) than the other concoctions and decoctions. Goldfish Carassius auratus (10 +/- 2 g) were challenged with A. hydrophila intramuscularly in the caudal region with two separate doses (days 1 and 3) of 50 microL/fish (1.8 x 10(3) colony-forming units per milliliter). On days 9 (early) and 15 (late) of infection, fish were held in a net and dip treated for 5 min daily in a 1-L solution of 1% aqueous triherbal concoction. Red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels of the infected group were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the control group. In the early treated group, all of the affected profile values returned to near normal, while the late-treated group registered a partial recovery, such as improved RBC count. The derived hematological values, such as mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, of the early and late-treated groups also significantly declined (P < 0.05) but were restored to near normal (P > 0.05) only in the early treated group. The results suggest that dip treatment of A. hydrophila-infected goldfish in an aqueous triherbal concoction had a synergistic restorative effect on the hematological variables. 相似文献
15.
Assessment of suitability of two serotype A candidate vaccine strains for inclusion in FMD vaccine in India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mohapatra JK Hemadri D Rao TV Sreenivasa BP Subramaniam S Sanyal A Periyasamy TR Singh NK Pattnaik B Venkataramanan R 《Veterinary microbiology》2008,131(1-2):65-72
The recent type A foot and mouth disease virus field isolates recovered in India are shown to be antigenically quite divergent from the in-use vaccine strain (IND 17/82), warranting the selection of a suitable vaccine strain which can cover this diversity in antigenic spectrum. In earlier studies employing neutralization test with anti-146S rabbit sera raised against eight candidate vaccine strains, IND 81/00 and IND 40/00 belonging to genotype VII were found to offer the best antigenic coverage. In order to assess the credibility of IND 81/00 and IND 40/00 as vaccine strains, 17 recent isolates received during 2005-2006 and representative isolates from older genotypes were subjected to two-dimensional micro-neutralization assay using bovine convalescent serum (against IND 81/00 and IND 40/00) and bovine vaccinate serum (against IND 40/00). From the results it is evident that both the isolates IND 81/00 (antigenic relationship 'r-value' >0.40 with 86% of isolates) and IND 40/00 ('r-value' >0.40 with 78% of isolates) show nearly equal antigenic relatedness with the recent field viruses and hence both of these are effective vaccine candidates in present context. Though very limited in its extent, these useful data obtained with antisera raised in homologous host system are logical extension of the on going quest for the appropriate vaccine strain and circumvents species disparities in the immune recognition of epitopes. 相似文献
16.
Ramasamy Srinivasan Subramanian Sevgan Sunday Ekesi Manuele Tam 《Pest management science》2019,75(9):2446-2454
Vegetables are one of the important crops which could alleviate poverty and malnutrition among the smallholder farmers in tropical Asia and Africa. However, a plethora of pests limit the productivity of these crops, leading to economic losses. Vegetable producers overwhelmingly rely on chemical pesticides in order to reduce pest‐caused economic losses. However, over‐reliance on chemical pesticides poses serious threats to human and environmental health. Hence, biopesticides offer a viable alternative to chemical pesticides in sustainable pest management programs. Baculoviruses such as nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) and granulovirus (GV) have been exploited as successful biological pesticides in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Maruca vitrata multiple nucleocapsid NPV (MaviMNPV) was found to be a unique baculovirus specifically infecting pod borer on food legumes, and it has been successfully developed as a biopesticide in Asia and Africa. Entomopathogenic fungi also offer sustainable pest management options. Several strains of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have been tested and developed as biopesticides in Asia and Africa. This review specifically focuses on the discovery and development of entomopathogenic virus and fungi‐based biopesticides against major pests of vegetable legumes and brassicas in Asia and Africa. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
17.
The present study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of Allium sativum extracts against the multidrug-resistant Vibrio
harveyi, isolated from the black gill–diseased Fenneropenaeus indicus. Initially, the antibiogram of pathogenic V. harveyi was documented for its resistance towards selected commercial antibiotics. Further, antibacterial activity of A. sativum against Vibrio harveyi was performed by the agar well diffusion method. V. harveyi culture was seeded over the agar plates, and each of the garlic extracts (freshly squeezed garlic extract—FSGE, freeze-dried
garlic extract—FDGE and methanolic garlic extract—MGE) was tested at three different concentrations. FSGE showed greater inhibitory
activity against V. harveyi than FDGE and MGE. Three diets of standard meal preparation for shrimp containing 0% garlic as a control, 0.5% garlic and
1% garlic treatments were formulated to evaluate the effects of garlic on the experimental infection of shrimp with V. harveyi. The combined results of long- and short-term garlic (1%) extract treatment showed a 75% reduction in cumulative mortality.
The present study discusses the advantages of using freshly squeezed garlic extract treatment in shrimp culture that could
offer a promising alternative to the use of antibiotics in aquaculture to control disease. 相似文献
18.
Tracer studies using 32 P labelled superphosphate and rock phosphate were conducted in microplots in a field experiment on rice-rice-greengram cropping system. The trial revealed that in all the rice crops studied, P uptake and P use efficiency were higher in superphosphate treated plots than in rock phosphate applied ones. P uptake was improved with organic manuring through application of green manure or crop residues like long rice stubbles. While superphosphate performed well either with or without organic manuring, rock phosphate performed fairly well only with organic manuring. Fairly good P use efficiency could be obtained in the system when green manuring and rock phosphate application in the first crop was followed by superphosphate and long stubble incorporation in the second crop. Apparent recovery values also showed nearly the same results. But tracer studies were found to be definitely superior in the evaluation of fertilizers. 相似文献
19.
Sekkarapatti Ramasamy Madeshwaran Jin Kyoung Kwon Jae Whan Cho 《Fibers and Polymers》2013,14(2):182-187
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were functionalized with hyperbranched aromatic polyamide (HAP) by in situ polymerization and by the AB 2 approach to enhance the mechanical properties of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) composites. Various concentrations of HAP-functionalized MWCNTs (HAP-f-MWCNTs) were used to prepare HAP-f-MWCNT-reinforced PMMA composite films. The covalent attachment of HAP to the MWCNTs, as achieved by in situ functionalization, resulted in effective dispersion of the MWCNTs in the PMMA matrix, thus enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of the composite films. The breaking stress of the composites increased largely with the HAP-f-MWCNT loading. 相似文献
20.
P. Arumugam D. Inbakandan M. S. Ramasamy M. Murugan 《Journal Of Applied Aquaculture》2013,25(3):265-270
Abstract Liposomes were prepared in the laboratory with lipids obtained from chicken egg yolk to encapsulate Spirulina powder. Artemia napulii were hatched and fed with lipid-encapsulated Spirulina or Spirulina powder. After 20 days of rearing, the experimental A. salina were harvested and measured for total body length and total content of protein and carbohydrates. Total body length was 45% higher, protein content was 49% higher, and carbohydrate was 35% higher in Artemia fed with liposomes as compared with those fed only Spirulina powder. 相似文献