Threonine supplementation reduces dietary protein and improves lipid metabolism in Pekin ducks

1. This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of threonine (Thr) supplementation on reducing dietary crude protein (CP) content and the effects of Thr on lipid metabolism in Pekin ducks. The effects of dietary CP concentration (160, 190 and 220 g/kg) and Thr supplemental concentration (0, 0.7, 1.4, 2.1 and 2.8 g/kg) on growth performance, carcass, liver lipid and plasma profiles were determined in Pekin ducks from 1–21 d of age.

2. A total of 720-d-old male Pekin ducks were randomly allotted to 1 of 15 dietary treatments with 6 replicate cages of 8 birds per cage for each treatment according to average body weight.

3. Dietary Thr supplementation improved growth performance and breast muscle percentage at all CP diets, and ducks fed Thr-supplemented diets had higher plasma concentrations of some plasma amino acids. Thr supplementation reduced the concentrations of total lipid, triglyceride, cholesterol in liver, and plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterin concentration at 160 and 190 g/kg CP, whereas it increased triglyceride concentration at 160 g/kg CP.

4. Thr requirements based on quadratic broken-line model estimation were 6.6 and 7.0 g/kg for optimal average daily gain (ADG), and 6.7 and 7.3 g/kg for breast muscle percentage of Pekin ducks from 1–21 d of age at 190 and 220 g/kg CP, respectively. The dietary Thr requirements and estimated ADG (55.18 vs. 55.86 g/d/bird) and breast muscle percentage (2.79% vs. 2.75%) of Pekin ducks did not differ between 190 and 220 g/kg CP according to the t-test results.

5. Dietary CP level could be reduced to 190 g/kg in Pekin ducks from 1–21 d of age with Thr supplementation to balance dietary amino acids, and Thr supplementation prevented excess liver lipid deposition in this instance.     

冻融对伊犁草地土壤水稳性大团聚体的影响

以伊犁托乎拉苏大草原土壤为研究对象,进行0~20 cm草地表层土壤混合样品多点采集,实验室内依据干筛法取得各粒级大团聚体,模拟不同含水率、冻融试验,利用湿筛法获得每种粒级的水稳性大团聚体质量,对实验数据进行统计分析,研究草地土壤在冻融环境条件下其水稳性大团聚体的特征、变化规律及其机理。研究结果表明:(1)初始水分含量是影响土壤水稳性大团聚体的关键因素。随着土壤初始含水率的提高,5 mm、5~4mm、4~2 mm、2~1 mm四个粒径组水稳性团聚体,呈现出逐渐降低、或先升高后降低的变化趋势;1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm呈现先降低后增加、或先增加后降低再增加的趋势。(2)冻融循环次数是影响土壤水稳性大团聚体的重要因素。随冻融循环次数的增加,各组粒级水稳性团聚体表现出的规律性不尽相同,1 mm水稳性团聚体整体有降低趋势,1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm两组粒径水稳性团聚体则整体呈现增加趋势。(3)冻结温度是影响土壤水稳性大团聚体的另一重要因素,随着冻结温度的降低,5 mm与5~4 mm水稳性团聚体有降低的趋势,1~0.5 mm与0.5~0.25 mm水稳性团聚体有升高的趋势,4~2 mm与2~1 mm两个粒级水稳性团聚体并无显著变化。     

信息源信任对消费者食品购买行为的影响研究——以可追溯猪肉为例

基于北京市、西安市消费者实地调查数据,以可追溯猪肉为例,运用双变量Probit模型和二元Probit模型,分析信息源信任对消费者食品购买行为,探讨其影响因素。结果表明,消费者对可追溯食品的认知度整体不高,只有32.68%的人知道可追溯食品,购买过可追溯猪肉的比例更低,只有12.53%的人购买过;电视、网络、食品标签是消费者了解可追溯食品相关信息的3种主要渠道。消费者对可追溯猪肉的消费信心整体较高,但对猪肉追溯信息发布方的整体信任度不高;信息源信任变量显著影响消费者对可追溯猪肉的消费信心,消费信心变量显著影响消费者对可追溯猪肉的购买行为,信息源信任通过直接影响消费者对可追溯猪肉的消费信心起到间接影响消费者可追溯猪肉购买行为的效果;收入水平、购买成员、购买场所、职业、地区等变量显著影响消费者对可追溯猪肉的购买行为。因此,提出加大猪肉可追溯体系宣传力度并提高消费者追溯查询意识和习惯、规范追溯信息查询渠道并由政府发布追溯信息等相关对策建议。     

纳米炭材料对作物生长影响的研究进展

纳米炭材料由于其独特的结构和物理化学性质被广泛地应用到材料科学、能源、环境修复以及制药等领域。随着纳米炭材料生产和使用的不断增加,纳米炭材料将不可避免地被释放到环境中,并对环境中的各种植物以及作物造成未知的影响。近年来,将纳米炭材料应用到农业领域,考察纳米炭材料对作物的影响成为新的研究热点。该文综述了各类纳米炭材料(包括炭纳米管、富勒烯、炭纳米洋葱和石墨烯等)对作物的生长影响,现有研究表明,各类纳米炭材料对作物种子的萌发和幼苗根茎的生长、作物产量和品质以及作物的抗逆性方面造成影响;此外,施加含纳米炭材料的肥料对作物的产量品质,肥料的利用率也造成影响,但其中的影响机理还不完全清楚,仍有待于进一步研究。研究纳米炭材料与作物的相互作用关系,可为纳米炭材料应用于农业,促进增产提供新的思路和指导,因而具有重要的意义。     

湖北省生猪产业信息化建设思考

从农业信息化建设的背景与意义入手,通过对湖北省各地市生猪产业的实践调查分析了湖北省生猪产业信息化建设的现状,提出生猪产业是湖北省的重点农业产业,产业信息化建设的基本构架已经形成,但尚处于起步阶段,且存在信息不对称、生产数据不准确等问题。最后在分析现状的基础上对湖北省生猪产业信息化建设提出了相应的对策与建议。     

Distribution of proteins and amino acids in milled and brown rice as affected by nitrogen fertilization and genotype

A field experiment involving six japonica rice cultivars with contrasting agronomic traits and seven nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments was performed to determine the effects of N and genotype on distribution of four kinds of grain proteins and amino acids in milled and brown rice. For brown and milled rice, albumin and globulin were controlled more by genotype than N treatments, whereas prolamin and glutelin were largely determined by N. Substantial genotypic differences in response of milled/brown (M/B) ratios of proteins to N treatments were detected. In comparison with large panicle cultivars, small panicle cultivars such as Wuyujing3 had the lower ratio and exhibited more stability under contrasting N treatments. N had significant influence on amino acid composition of brown and milled rice, with contents of the 17 amino acids measured increasing with elevated N rate. However, cysteine and methionine in brown rice and lysine and methionine in milled rice were not significantly affected by N. In addition, N had little effect on ratios of M/B for most of the amino acids.     

Cu、Pb对上海青幼苗毒害效应及叶片下表皮扫描电镜观察

以上海青为原料,研究了Cu、Pb不同浓度胁迫下幼苗的形态、生理指标变化,并对幼苗叶片下表皮进行了扫描电镜观察。结果表明,随着Cu、Pb浓度的增加,上海青幼苗受毒害症状逐渐加剧,鲜重、抗氧化酶活性先升高再降低;幼苗叶片叶绿素含量逐渐下降;另外随着Pb浓度的增加,细胞微形态损伤程度加剧。     

盐角草甜菜碱合成相关基因的共表达提高转基因烟草的耐盐性

植物在逆境下能合成甜菜碱,其中磷酸乙醇胺N-甲基转移酶（PEAMT）和胆碱单加氧酶（CMO）是甜菜碱合成过程中的关键酶。本文将盐角草SePEAMT基因、SeCMO基因以及烟草的核基质结合区序列（Mar）利用Cre/loxP重组系统构建到同一表达载体上,得到植物表达载体pYLTAC747N-Mar-SePEAMT-SeCMO-Mar。该载体用电击转化法转入农杆菌EHA105中,通过农杆菌介导法转化烟草,经PCR检测确定转基因植株。在含250mM NaCl的MS培养基上35d后,转基因植株生根而野生型植株不能生根;转基因烟草植株甜菜碱积累量显著高于野生型植株,约是野生型植株的5.6~7.7倍;转基因植株与野生型相比,相对电导率显著降低,叶绿素含量明显升高。以上结果表明共表达SePEAMT 和SeCMO能有效提高烟草甜菜碱表达量从而提高烟草的耐盐性。     

缺苗断垄对机播夏玉米产量及产量构成因素的影响

为探讨缺苗断垄对机械化播种夏玉米的影响,在大田状态下设置2个品种不同缺苗断垄程度进行试验,并对缺苗级别、断垄级别、籽粒产量及其产量构成因素进行统计分析。结果表明,缺苗断垄引起产量降低的主要原因是株数和穗数减少,随着缺苗断垄级别的增加,株数穗数逐渐减少,产量逐渐降低。产量降低幅度小于缺苗断垄级别的增加幅度,在缺苗断垄率为10.00%～40.00%的情况下,产量降低幅度为3.60%～28.51%;在缺苗断垄率相同的情况下,鲁单981比郑单958的减产幅度大些。