鹅源新城疫病毒F基因的克隆及其序列分析

鹅新城疫是近年来我国新发现的能感染多种禽类的传染病，国内许多学者在该病的发生、发展规律以及分子病毒学等领域有了较多的研究，现已确定该病毒是禽副粘病毒Ⅰ型即新城疫病毒的一个变种。本实验选择最近分离的2株鹅源新城疫病毒，采用已经发表的鸡新城疫病毒序列设计引物，应用RT—PCR技术扩增鹅源新城疫病毒的F基因，并将其克隆至载体上，然后进行了核苷酸序列测定、进行了系统的分析，并根据遗传距离的远近确定了鹅源新城疫病毒在NDV系统发育进化树中的地位。     

Questionnaire‐based Analysis of Owner‐reported Scratching and Pain Signs in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels Screened for Chiari‐like Malformation and Syringomyelia

Background

Chiari‐like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) cause a pain syndrome in Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS). Clinical signs are not consistently apparent on neurologic examination, and owner reporting of signs provides vital clinical history. However, owner questionnaires for this disease are not well developed.

Objectives

To develop a tool to capture owner‐reported clinical signs for use in clinical trials and to compare owner‐reported signs with the presence of pain on neurologic examination and SM on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Animals

Fifty client‐owned CKCS.

Methods

Owners completed a questionnaire and pain/scratch map. Each dog underwent a neurologic examination and craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Questionnaire responses were developed into scores, area of shading for pain/scratch maps was measured, and consistency of responses between these tools was assessed. Owner‐reported findings were compared with neurologic examination findings and presence and severity of SM on MRI.

Results

Thirty‐three dogs were symptomatic and 17 asymptomatic; 30 had SM. The most common sign of pain was crying out when lifted (n = 11). Extent of shaded areas on maps positively correlated with questionnaire scores for pain (r² = 0.213, P = 0.006) and scratch (r² = 0.104, P = 0.089). Owner‐reported findings were not significantly associated with presence or severity of SM or neurologic examination findings. Owner‐reported lateralization of signs was significantly associated with SM lateralization (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The questionnaire and maps may be useful for clinical trials. Lack of association of owner‐reported signs with SM highlights our lack of understanding of the pathophysiology of pain in this disease.     

Effects of Moringa oleifera silage on milk yield,nutrient digestibility and serum biochemical indexes of lactating dairy cows

This study investigated the effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) as a partial substitute of alfalfa hay on milk yield, nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indexes of dairy cows. MO was harvested at 120 days post‐seeding. Fresh MO was cut, mixed with chopped oat hay (425:575 on a DM basis), ensiled and stored for 60 days. Sixty healthy Holstein dairy cows were allocated to one of three groups: NM (no MO or control), LM (low MO; 25% alfalfa hay and 50% maize silage were replaced by MO silage) or HM (high MO; 50% alfalfa hay and 100% maize silage were replaced by MO silage). The feeding trial lasted 35 days. The LM and HM diets did not affect dry matter (DM) intake, milk yield or milk composition (lactose, milk fat, milk protein and somatic cell count). The apparent digestibility of DM and NDF was lower for HM group than NM group. Additionally, there were no significant differences in serum biochemical indexes between the LM and NM groups. The HM group had lower serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and higher serum concentrations of urea than the NM group. The partial replacement of alfalfa hay (≤50%) and maize silage with MO silage had no negative effects on milk yield, in vivo nutrient apparent digestibility or serum biochemical indexes of lactating cows.     

民国时期西北地区苜蓿栽培利用刍考

自汉代苜蓿引入我国以来,受到历朝历代的重视,民国时期亦不例外,苜蓿种植利用也得到了发展。在收集近现代有关苜蓿研究文献的基础上,对民国时期西北地区苜蓿种植利用情形进行了梳理与归纳,结果表明,在民国时期西北地区乃为我国苜蓿种植集中区,在陕西、甘肃、新疆、绥远(西部)、宁夏和青海等都有种植,据不完全考查,种植苜蓿的县有52个,其中以陕西最多,达22个县,甘肃次之为14个县,新疆为8个县,绥远(西部)为3个县,宁夏2县(道)和青海1个县。特别是陕甘宁边区发展苜蓿的势头高涨,如1942年边区政府在延安、安塞、甘泉、志丹、定边、靖边等县种植苜蓿达3万亩,陇东种植苜蓿2.3万亩;1944年延川县紫花苜蓿保留面积2.0万亩,到1949年,陕西全省种植苜蓿约98.49万亩。1949年新疆苜蓿保留面积达29300 hm²。绥远河套地区还进行了苜蓿粮草轮作,并建立了苜蓿种植基地。为了鼓励苜蓿种植,边区政府出台了不少政策,例如,1941年边区政府公布了《陕甘宁边区政府建设厅关于种牧草的指示信》,1942年边区政府颁布了《陕甘宁边区卅一年推广苜蓿实施办法》等,李仪祉在治理黄河的方略中,从大农业、生态环境和经济效益出发,提倡广种苜蓿,肥田养畜,并提出了4条种植苜蓿的措施。李烛尘提出,苜蓿根入土深,且能耐旱,适宜西北地区种植和培植草原。苜蓿除用于饲喂家畜外,幼嫩时可当蔬菜食用,在灾荒年也是百姓很好的救荒食物,苜蓿作为农产品常出现在兰州的市场上,试验表明苜蓿保存水土流失的作用要大于作物。     

我国明代苜蓿栽培利用刍考

苜蓿被《救荒本草》《本草纲目》《群芳谱》和《农政全书》以及明皇帝实录与方志等经典要籍所记载,充分体现了苜蓿在明代的重要性、研究的普遍性和种植的广泛性。本研究以记载明代苜蓿的相关典籍为基础,应用植物考据学原理和方法,结合现代研究成果,对明代苜蓿种植分布与状况、植物生态生物学特性、栽培管理和利用方式等进行尝试性研究考查。结果表明,明代在山西、陕西、河北、河南、山东、安徽、江苏、北京、甘肃和宁夏等省均有苜蓿种植,其中以“三晋为盛,秦、鲁次之,燕、赵又次之”。在苜蓿植物学、生态生物学研究方面成绩显著,对苜蓿植株形态、花色及其着生部位、荚果种子形状的精准描述已达到现代植物学的水准。同时,对苜蓿的轴根性也有一定的认识,记载其根的形态与黄芪的根相类似。在明代出现了紫花和黄花2种苜蓿的记载;主张苜蓿与荞麦混作,并利用苜蓿的肥田能力,将苜蓿纳入了轮作制度中;提倡7、8月种苜蓿,一年三刈,种子田一刈;苜蓿3年后生长进入旺盛期,7、8年后衰退垦去。在苜蓿饲用方面明代王象晋提出了最佳利用时期,即“苜蓿花时,刈取喂马牛,易肥健食”。同时,在苜蓿的食用、药用等方面人们利用得更加具体有效。此外,苜蓿还可做贡品。     

Integration of pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic for dose optimization of doxycycline against Haemophilus parasuis in pigs

The aims of this study were to establish optimal doses of doxycycline (dox) against Haemophilus parasuis on the basis of pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK‐PD) integration modeling. The infected model was established by intranasal inoculation of organism in pigs and confirmed by clinical signs, blood biochemistry, and microscopic examinations. The recommended dose (20 mg/kg b.w.) was administered in pigs through intramuscular routes for PK studies. The area under the concentration 0‐ to 24‐hr curve (AUC_0–24), elimination half‐life (T_½ke), and mean residence time (MRT) of dox in healthy and H. parasuis‐infected pigs were 55.51 ± 5.72 versus 57.10 ± 4.89 μg·hr/ml, 8.28 ± 0.91 versus 9.80 ± 2.38 hr, and 8.43 ± 0.27 versus 8.79 ± 0.18 hr, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of dox against 40 H. parasuis isolates was conducted through broth microdilution method, the corresponding MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ were 0.25 and 1 μg/ml, respectively. The Ex vivo growth inhibition data suggested that dox exhibited a concentration‐dependent killing mechanism. Based on the observed AUC_24 hr/MIC values by modeling PK‐PD data in H. parasuis‐infected pigs, the doses predicted to obtain bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and elimination effects for H. parasuis over 24 hr were 5.25, 8.55, and 10.37 mg/kg for the 50% target attainment rate (TAR), and 7.26, 13.82, and 18.17 mg/kg for 90% TAR, respectively. This study provided a more optimized alternative for clinical use and demonstrated that the dosage 20 mg/kg of dox by intramuscular administration could have an effective bactericidal activity against H. parasuis.     

Polyphenols in Eucalyptus leaves improved the egg and meat qualities and protected against ethanol‐induced oxidative damage in laying hens

Polyphenols in Eucalyptus leaves (PE) were value resources due to various pharmacological activities, but data on the effect on laying hens are very scare. This study was conducted to determine the effect of PE on the laying performance, egg traits, meat quality, antioxidant status and liver tissues of laying hens. One hundred and twenty 256‐day‐old Yueqinhuang laying hens were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (different levels of PE at 0, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg diet) for 63 days with 15 replicates per group. Addition of 0.8 g/kg PE not only improved the egg trait by increasing the eggshell thickness and decreasing MDA production and cholesterol content in the egg yolk, but also significantly enhanced meat quality of hens, as suggested by the increase pH_45 min (p < .01) and a* value, and decrease drip loss rate (p < .01). Meanwhile, under acute ethanol‐induced oxidative damage condition, supplementation of 0.8 g/kg PE enhanced the serum antioxidant status by increasing enzymatic activities (GSH‐PX, T‐SOD, T‐AOC), inhibited oxidative damage and provided protective effect to liver tissue. In conclusion, addition of 0.8 g/kg PE not only improved the egg traits and meat quality without obvious adverse effects, but also increased the serum antioxidant status of the hens and protected their liver tissue from ethanol‐induced oxidative damage. This study indicated that PE could be utilized as an effective feed additive for laying hens to improve health performance and egg traits.     

Effects of concentrate‐to‐forage ratios and 2‐methylbutyrate supplementation on ruminal fermentation,bacteria abundance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in Chinese Simmental steers

This study evaluated the effects of dietary concentrate levels and 2‐methylbutyrate (2MB ) supplementation on performance, ruminal fermentation, bacteria abundance, microbial enzyme activity and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD ) in steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (12 months of age; 389 ± 3.7 kg of body weight) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Moderate‐concentrate (400 g/kg diet [MC ]) or high‐concentrate (600 g/kg diet [HC ]) diets were fed with or without 2MB (0 g/day [2MB ?] or 15.0 g/day [2MB +]). Dry matter intake and average daily gain increased, but feed conversion ratio decreased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Ruminal pH decreased, but total volatile fatty acid increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Molar proportion of acetate and acetate‐to‐propionate ratio decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Propionate molar proportion and ruminal NH ₃‐N content increased with the HC diet, but decreased with 2MB supplementation. Neutral detergent fibre degradability decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Crude protein degradability increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Abundance of Ruminococcus albus , Ruminococcus flavefaciens , Fibrobacter succinogenes and Bufyrivibrio fibrisolvens as well as activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, xylanase and pectinase decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. However, abundance of Prevotella ruminicola and Ruminobacter amylophilus as well as activities of α‐amylase and protease increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Total PD excretion also increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. The results suggested that growth performance, ruminal fermentation, CP degradability and total PD excretion increased with increasing dietary concentrate level from 40% to 60% or 2MB supplementation. The observed diet × 2MB interaction indicated that supplementation of 2MB was more efficacious for improving growth performance, ruminal fermentation and total PD excretion with promoted ruminal bacteria abundance and enzyme activity in the MC diet than in the HC diet.