灌区灌溉管理质量的综合评价指标研究

提出了用于评价灌区灌溉管理质量的8个指标,应用主成分分析原理建立了灌区灌溉管理质量评价的综合指标-综合主成分,并提出了综合主成分的评价标准,能较全面地反映灌区灌溉管理状况、较好地描述灌区灌溉管理水平,具有实用性和可操作性.     

A nitrogen dynamic hydroponic culture on performance and quality of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)

Abstract

In view of the unreasonable application of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and the groundwater pollution caused by nitrogen (N) leaching, a nitrogen dynamic hydroponic culture was used to simulate the dynamics variation of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) in the leaching loss soil. Solutions with different ratio of NO₃-N and NH₄-N (100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 0:100) were prepared as well as the same solutions that not containing NO₃-N .Water spinach was chosen to culture in the two solutions that differ from NO₃-N every two (E2) or five days (E5) to observe the growth, quality and nutrient solution uptake. In terms of the growth, uptake of N source, N use efficiency and the chemical indicators, plants grown in the balanced solution all showed the best results. The nitrogen dynamic hydroponic culture showed some differences between E2 and E5 in some aspects. Under the same N source level, plants in E2 showed a better growth and higher NO₃-N uptake than E5. On the other hand, the uptake of NH₄-N seemed to be affected significantly by the interchanged frequency, which showed the same variations of glutamine synthetase activity. The activity of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase showed the coexist of NO₃-N and NH₄-N could play synergistic effect. It is not recommended to supplement NO₃-N frequently in the case of N leaching loss, which has little impact on the growth and may lead to the hard taste and groundwater pollution.     

液氮冷媒介质对速冻饺子冻裂率的影响

研究饺子新型冻结技术,探索液氮速冻工艺对调理食品品质的作用规律。该文以饺子为研究对象,和面水面质量比、皮馅质量比、面粉品质、馅料配比、产品规格、冻结时间、冻结方式、冻结介质等诸多因素对饺子冻裂率都有重要影响。该试验以猪肉、香菇、大豆组织蛋白为饺子馅主要原料,研究了和面时的水面质量比、面团的静置时间、皮馅比、饺子在液氮池中的沉浸时间对饺子冻裂率的影响。结果表明:以上四因素对饺子的冻裂率都有不同程度的影响。和面水面质量比为56∶100、面团静置时间在10 min、皮馅质量比在1∶1.3、液氮池沉浸时间为40 s,制作好的饺子在立即速冻后的冻裂率为37%,感官评定得分为77.6。该研究为液氮沉浸速冻工艺在调理食品的应用提供了一定的理论参考。     

黄土丘陵区宁夏西吉县土地利用动态与坡耕地生产力变化

通过资料分析、野外调查和定位试验等方法 ,对半干旱黄土丘陵区宁夏西吉县 15年的土地利用动态及坡耕地生产力变化进行了研究。结果显示 ,1980年西吉县的农、林、牧业用地比例为 8.2∶ 0 .4∶ 1.4 ,由于“三北防护林工程”和世界粮食计划署援助的“2 6 0 5”等项目的实施 ,1987年调整为 4 .6∶ 2 .4∶ 3.0 ,水平梯田面积占农业用地的百分比由 1980年的 1.7%增长到 17.6 % ,1994年继续增加到 38.5 % ;1980年、1987年和 1994年坡耕地的土壤流失量分别为 14 84 ,4 2 2 ,5 5万 t,土壤养分损失折合化肥的总量分别为 6 70 5 16 ,2 30 5 98,16 2 0 5 6 t,分别是当年化肥实际施用总量的 5 96 .5倍、2 7.6倍和 6 .8倍 ;1980年、1987年和 1994年由水土流失造成的坡耕地粮食减产量分别为 90 72 5 ,8870 9,90 4 6 5 t,分别为当年粮食总产量的 93.2 % ,2 8.1% ,16 .8%。     

Molecular phylogeny of Chinese vegetable mustard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica juncea</Emphasis>) based on the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA

Sequence variation of nuclear internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS1, 5.8S rRNA and ITS2) from Chinese vegetable mustards (AB-genome) and its putative parents Brassica rapa (the A-genome) and Brassica nigra (the B-genome) were used to investigate the molecular phylogeny and the probable evolutional pattern of this amphidiploid species that uniquely formed in China. Totally, 16 accessions of Chinese vegetable mustard those covering nearly all the diverse variations were included in this study, and together with three accessions of B. rapa and one accession of B. nigra. The results disclosed two strongly supported clades, one containing four accessions of vegetable mustard which have closer relationship with B-genome species “B.nigra” lineage and the other containing 12 accessions of B. juncea and three A-genome accessions. This classification was in disagreement with the evidence from chloroplast DNA, mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), which suggested that B. juncea was closely related to the A-genome type. For the incongruence, we speculated that the B. juncea crops derived from Chinese have evolved through different recombined events of the diploid morphutypes and evolved unidirectional concerted evolution. The traditional phenotypic classification of B. juncea was not wholly supported by ITS results, and hence the phylogenetic relationships among these subspecies need to be reconsidered on molecular level.     

microRNA-let-7家族在约克夏猪甲状腺生长发育过程中的表达分析

miR-let-7广泛参与动物组织器官发育调控,是研究猪甲状腺发育的重要候选miRNAs。为了研究miR-let-7家族在约克夏猪(Sus scrofa)甲状腺生长发育过程中的作用,本实验一方面通过对不同发育阶段(胚龄105,出生后60、90、150日龄)的猪甲状腺组织切片进行苏木精-伊红染色(hematoxylin-eosin staining,HE),研究甲状腺发育形态学的变化;另一方面,采用原位杂交(in situ hybridization,ISH)和荧光定量PCR技术鉴定miR-let-7家族在不同生长阶段(胚龄105,出生后60、90、150日龄)约克夏猪甲状腺中的表达。HE染色结果发现,甲状腺滤泡随着日龄的增加逐渐增大。原位杂交结果显示,miR-let-7主要位于甲状腺的滤泡上皮细胞中,并且let-7的表达在出生后有先减少后增加的态势。通过荧光定量PCR结果发现,在生长期随着日龄的增加,let-7d-5p、let-7f和let-7g的相对表达量逐渐上升,let-7c、let-7d-3p、let-7e和let-7i的表达先升后降。研究结果提示,约克夏猪甲状腺miR-let-7的表达直接或间接影响甲状腺激素水平的变化,在甲状腺生长发育中发挥了重要的作用,为深入研究猪的生长发育提供了一个新的思路。     

不同温度制备的棉花秸秆生物碳对棉花生长及氮肥利用率(~(15)N)的影响

【目的】生物碳可提高土壤肥力,增强土壤对养分的保持能力,减少养分损失,提高肥料利用率。研究不同温度热解制备的生物碳对棉花生长和肥料利用率的差异,可以为提高生物碳的有效利用提供依据。【方法】供试生物碳由棉花秸秆分别在450℃、600℃和750℃高温限氧条件下热解制备而成。本试验为两因素(生物碳、氮)温室盆栽试验,生物碳处理包括3种不同热解温度生物碳处理(分别以450BC、600BC、750BC表示)和1个空白对照(CK);每个生物碳土壤设置3个施氮水平0、2.1和4.2 g/pot(分别以N0、N1、N2表示),用15N同位素示踪方法分析不同施氮水平下3种热解温度生物碳对棉花生长、15N回收和淋洗损失的影响。【结果】1)施用3种生物碳处理棉花干物质重总体表现为750BC600BC、450BCCK,450BC、600BC和750BC处理分别较对照平均增加了9.2%、12.6%和17.3%;并且棉花总干物质重随施氮量的增加而增加,但生物碳作用随之降低;2)3种生物碳处理棉花氮素吸收总量总体也表现为750BC600BC、450BCCK。不施氮肥条件下(N0),600BC和750BC处理棉花氮素吸收总量显著高于CK,但450BC处理与与CK无显著差异;施氮肥条件下(N1、N2),3种生物碳处理均显著高于CK,450BC、600BC和750BC处理棉花氮素吸收总量平均较CK分别增加29.5%、37.1%和48.8%;3)15N标记试验结果表明,450BC、600BC和750BC处理植株15N回收率显著高于对照,分别较CK平均提高27.46%、36.44%和42.87%。而N1和N2水平下3种生物碳处理之间植株15N回收率均没有显著差异;4)450BC、600BC和750BC处理土壤15N残留率分别较对照平均增加101.4%、147.3%和200.7%。土壤15N残留率在N1水平下随着生物碳热解温度的升高而增加,而在N2水平下750BC处理显著高于450BC和600BC处理,但是后二者之间没有显著差异。土壤15N残留率随着施氮量的增加而降低;5)施用生物碳可以显著降低土壤15N的淋洗,并且不同施氮水平下(N1、N2)淋洗率都随着生物碳热解温度的升高而降低。【结论】施用生物碳可促进棉花生长,增加棉花氮素吸收,提高氮肥利用率,降低氮素损失,并且生物碳的热解温度越高效果越明显;但是随着氮肥施用量的增加生物碳作用减弱。